Measuring Photosynthetic Activity In Plants

Measuring Photosynthetic Activity In Plants Photosynthesis is a process in which plants obtain food by converting light energy into glucose. Photosynthesis occurs in all plants and is essential to humans because it creates an Oxygen rich atmosphere. As Frank James states, in his book Photosynthesis in Plants that even the modern developments are still heavily dependant on plants that undergo photosynthesis. Things such as medicine, clothes, Furniture etc all come from plants so thats why I believe, plants are key players in transforming us from the stone age to the modern 20th century and the reason why they still are used for Modern development( Frank 1) Photosynthesis doesnt only occur in day light but, it also happens at night. As Anne Helmenstine states that in Photosynthesis there are two types of reaction: the reactions that require light are called light dependant reactions. In this reaction light is captured from the suns rays to make a molecules called ATP. On the other hand there are those reactions which dont require light to function these reactions are called the dark reactions(Calvin cycle). They occur at night- time and their role is to use the used ATP which was made during the light reaction and convert into glucose. (Helmenstine 4) One way to measure Photosynthetic activity in plants is that you can measure the starch production. Darrell Vodopich states in his book Biology Lab Manuel that the Sugars(Glucose) which is the end product created by the photosynthesis reaction are often stored as starch. Therefore we can clearly see that the starch production found in the leaves indirectly measures photosynthetic activity in plants.(Vodopich 143) My hypothesis based on my lab experiment on Photosynthesis : Out of the geranium leaf, variegated or purple coleus leaf; the plants kept in dark will exhibit a lesser amount of starch production then the plants which were exposed to light as a result of photosynthesis. I used the Lugols test for my hypothesis and test its validity the iodine test basically uses iodine to indicate the presence of starches by producing a bluish black color (Vodopich 58). Materials and Methods Procedure 13.6 In this Procedure the main objective was to qualitatively observe the starch production of the Geranium leaf. We first took the Geranium leaf and dipped it in the boiling water for a minute. Then we took the same leaf and again boiled it but this time it was with methanol and we let the leaf sit for about 3-5 minutes. After that we placed the leaf onto the Petri dish and stained the leaf with iodine to reveal the indication of the starch production (Vodopich 144). The Color of the leaf was green when it was boiled with the water alone, then after the leaf changed to a pale white color stripped of its green pigment. After we stained the leaf with Iodine we saw a yellowish/white color along with purple where the veins were located. Procedure 13.7 In this Procedure the main objective was to find the condition of light for the photosynthesis process. In this procedure  ½ of the geranium leaf was covered completely with a foil or paper for 3-4 days before being operated upon in the lab. Then we placed the leaf into the boiling water and let it sit there for a minute before putting it into another boiler containing methanol for about 3-5 minutes. After that we placed the leaf onto the Petri dish and stained the leaf to show the starch production (Vodopich 146). Just like 13.6 the color of the leaf was green when it came out of the boiling water and after wards when the leaf from removed from the boiling methanol its green pigmentation was stripped leaving a pale white color behind. Then after we stained the leaf with the iodine we saw more purple spots on the side which was exposed to light then the other darker  ½ of the leaf which contained little to no spots of purple which indicated the starches production. Procedure 13.8 In this procedure the main objective was the find the requirements necessary for chlorophyll for the photosynthesis process. First we had to obtain a variegated coleus leaf and a purple coleus leaf; both were kept in areas exposed to light prior to the start of the experiment, unlike procedure 13.7. Then we extract the pigments in the leaves by first putting both the leaf in the boiling water for a minute. Then we placed the two leaves in another boiler containing methanol for about 3-5 minutes. After that we place both the leaves onto a Petri dish and we stain them with iodine.(Vodopich 146). We saw both the leaves exhibited different properties after undergoing the methanol boiling phase. The variegated leaf had a green color with white spots and the purple leaf had green color and areas of brown. After that when the 2 leaves were stained with iodine we saw that the variegated leaf had white edges and a purple sections in the middle of the leaf whereas in the purple leaf there were several dark purple big spots on the leaf instead of a distinctive isolated area where the starch production takes place. One of the trends found in this table is that during the beginning phase when the leaves are boiled in water alone they retain their color pigmentation but during the second phase when the same leaves are boiled in methanol their green pigment is almost entirely stripped leaving behind a fine pale white/ greenish color. Another trend which is also found from the table is that the geranium leaf kept in conditions with light has more Staining Intensity( Starch Production) in contrast to the Geranium leaf kept in the dark. Discussions The trend that the Starches production is higher in leaves that were already had pre existing condition of being exposed to light where as compared to leaf being half exposed to light environment and the other half covered or in dark environment. Plants who are exposed to light are more likely to produce starch as a result of photosynthesis rather than plants which are kept in the dark. As Vodopich mentions in his Biology Manuel that the end product (glucose) of the photosynthesis process is stored as substances called starches. So there fore the starch production is an indirect measure of photosynthesis and vice versa. Also in photosynthesis we need some kind of a light source so therefore we can predict that if an environment has no light it will halt the photosynthesis production and if that happens then we wont be able to makes sugars in the form of starch and get a lack of starch production (Vodopich 143). Some of the things I expected was for the leaf to keep its green color throughout the experiment and I expected the  ½ exposed/ unexposed leaf to show a distinct pattern in starch production but instead the results showed no such clear distinction in the leaf and also the green color also didnt last after the leaves went under the process of being boiled in methanol. For future investigation I would suggest doing an experiment with more types of leaves for a better accuracy in results. I would also suggest finding the wave length spectrum of t he leaves and how much their absorbances are to see if whether the absorbance spectrums of the leaves correlate with the amount of photo synthesis thus indirectly measuring starch production. Also I would try going outside in the morning and at night and do the procedure mentioned in 13.6 13.8 to see is there is any difference in starch production. Also I would try experimenting the leaves under different light rather than the standard sun light and compare the amount of starch production between the two different wavelengths of light. Source Citations Brooker, Robert, Eric Widmaier, Linda Graham, and Peter Stiling. Biology. Eighth Edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hills Companies Inc, 2008. 0-1299. Print Franck, James and Loomis,W. Earl. (1949). Photosynthesis in plants. Ames: Iowa State College Press. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, and Ph.D.. Photosynthesis Study Guide. Chemistry Periodic Table, Chemistry Projects, and Chemistry Homework Help. The New York Times Company, n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2010. Vodopich, Darrell, Randy Moore, and. Biology Laboratory Manuel. Eighth Edition. New York, NY: McGraw Hills Companies Inc, 2008. 0-567. Print.

My Personal Philosophy of Education Essay -- Philosophy of Education T

My Personal Philosophy of Education Ever since I was a little girl, I knew that in my future I wanted to become a teacher. I always looked up to my teachers, especially the ones I had in elementary school. I even played 'school' with my friends and pretended I had my own classroom. I loved being in charge. During a summer, I was given the opportunity to work as an Energy Express mentor and work with a group of eight children. This was one of the most wonderful experiences I have ever been through. I was a mentor to help guide the children, and by the end of the summer I felt as if I had really accomplished something. I am planning to pursue a career in elementary education. I love children, and just knowing that as a teacher I could make a difference in someone's life means so much to me. Every student is different. Different in how fast or slow they perceive information, comprehend and interpret concepts, and develop problem-solving skills. I agree with Rousseau?s belief that a child will not learn until they are ready. As a teacher, I will work with each student based on their needs and try to present information in a way that is effective to them all. It is important to understand that the approach a teacher uses with one student may be different from another. I believe that every student deserves individual attention as long as it is suitable. I believe that the nature of knowledge is relative; it depends on the person, place, and time. All students come from different backgrounds and are brought up differently, so sometimes it can be difficult to follow a set curriculum in the classroom. The teacher has to be aware of the needs and knowledge of her classroom, yet she cannot lose... ...ught good writing skills. Writing is an important form of communication, especially when there is a lack of verbal communication. These subjects are areas of knowledge important for all students. They prepare you for future education and life situations. After graduation, I plan to extend my education and pursue a master?s degree. I want to teach in West Virginia or a surrounding state where I will become a successful teacher. Many people do not understand how important a teacher is to a person?s life. They have to give extra time and dedication to their job. I have learned a lot of what I know today from my past teachers, and I hope that my future students will say the same about me. I love children, and this is why I think I?ll make a great teacher. I hope that one day I will have the same impact on my students that my past teachers have had on me.

Writing of James Baldwin Essay -- Notes of a Native Son

The Writing Wisdom of James Baldwin James Baldwin is not known by much of America’s youth today, and his writings are not taught in many schools. His style of writing, however, is ultimately unique. Baldwin’s African-American viewpoint is very rare, creating a fresh way to look upon American culture and ethnicity. There also may be no other author like Baldwin that blends narrative and analysis seamlessly, while still keeping the reader interested in the story at hand. In â€Å"Notes of a Native Son,† Baldwin uses this weaving of narration and analysis to show his inability to see how his father’s personality had impacted and molded his own personality. In â€Å"Notes of a Native Son,† Baldwin’s mastery of weaving narrative and analysis is blatantly obvious. The premise behind the essay is the relationship between Baldwin and his father. The essay takes the reader through trials and tribulations in Baldwin’s life, including the spats between him and his father. Their relationship was, safe to say, slightly aloof. Baldwin describes throughout the essay the fact that he and his father would rarely speak, and that when they did, it usually ended in an argument. The essay also paints a picture of Harlem in the 1940’s, specifically during the massive riots of 1943. Baldwin describes other riots and social situations that were occurring around the rest of the country at the same time as the Harlem riots. The essay also describes the death of Baldwin’s father, and the emotions incurred by James and his family. Baldwin also does some reflection in this essay, describing his feelings towa rds his father and how they have changed over more than a decade since his death. Baldwin often uses his feelings towards ... ... The style at which Baldwin mixes true story with gut-wrenching emotion in â€Å"Notes of a Native Son† is absolutely astounding. He draws the reader into the story, and then lets them in to his heart and soul. His ability to incorporate his feelings with those of the African-American race is what makes this essay unique. He does not simply write the first half of the paper as a narrative, and then spend the final half analyzing himself. He analyzes himself at every opportunity that he sees fit, after every major occurrence in he and his father’s life. Baldwin’s blunt, perhaps even crude analysis of himself, his father, and both the white and black races shows that he is not afraid of what others think. Works Cited Baldwin, James. â€Å"Notes of a Native Son.† 1955. James Baldwin: Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Library of America, 1998. 63-84.

History of philosophy Essay

Philosophers Aestheticians Epistemologists Ethicists Logicians Metaphysicians Social and political philosophers Traditions Analytic Continental Eastern Islamic Platonic Scholastic Periods Ancient Medieval Modern Contemporary Literature Aesthetics Epistemology Ethics Logic Metaphysics Political philosophy Branches Aesthetics Epistemology Ethics Logic Metaphysics Political philosophy Social philosophy Lists Index Outline Years Problems Publications Theories Glossary Philosophers Philosophy portal v t e The history of philosophy is the study of philosophical ideas and concepts through time. Issues specifically related to history of philosophy might include (but are not limited to): How can changes in philosophy be accounted for historically? What drives the development of thought in its historical context? To what degree can philosophical texts from prior historical eras be understood even today? All cultures — be they prehistoric, medieval, or modern; Eastern, Western, religious or secular — have had their own unique schools of philosophy, arrived at through both inheritance and through independent discovery. Such theories have grown from different premises and approaches, examples of which include (but are not limited to) rationalism (theories arrived at through logic),empiricism (theories arrived at through observation), and even through leaps of faith, hope and inheritance (such as the supernaturalist philosophies and religions). History of philosophy seeks to catalogue and classify such development. The goal is to understand the development of philosophical ideas through time. Contents [hide] 1 Western philosophy 1. 1 Ancient philosophy 1. 2 Medieval philosophy. 1. 3 Renaissance philosophy 1. 4 Modern philosophy 1. 5 Contemporary philosophy 2 Eastern philosophy 2. 1 Babylonian philosophy 2. 2 Indian philosophy 2. 3 Persian philosophy 2. 4 Chinese philosophy 3 Abrahamic philosophy 3. 1 Jewish philosophy 3. 2 Christian philosophy 3. 3 Islamic philosophy 3. 3. 1 Religious roots 3. 3. 2 Transferring of Greek philosophy 3. 3. 3 Periods 3. 3. 3. 1 Early Islamic philosophy 3. 3. 3. 2 Mystical philosophy 3. 3. 3. 3 Transcendent Theosophy 3. 3. 3. 4 Modern era 3. 4 Judeo-Islamic philosophy 4 African philosophy. 5 Further reading 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 External links Western philosophy[edit] Western philosophy has a long history, conventionally divided into four large eras – the Ancient, Medieval, Modern, and Contemporary. The Ancient era runs through the fall of Rome and includes the Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. The Medieval period runs until roughly the late 15th century and the Renaissance. The â€Å"Modern† is a word with more varied use, which includes everything from Post-Medieval through the specific period up to the 20th century. Contemporary philosophy encompasses the philosophical developments of the 20th century up to the present day. Ancient philosophy[edit] Further information: Ancient philosophy Ionia, source of early Greek philosophy, in western Asia Minor Western Philosophy is generally said to begin in the Greek cities of western Asia Minor (Ionia) with Thales of Miletus, who was active around 585 B. C. and left us the opaque dictum, â€Å"all is water. † His most noted students were Anaximenes of Miletus (â€Å"all is air†) and Anaximander (all is apeiron). Other thinkers and schools appeared throughout Greece over the next few centuries. Among the most important were Heraclitus (â€Å"all is fire†, all is chaotic and transitory), Anaxagoras (reality is so ordered that it must be in all respects governed by mind), the Pluralists and Atomists (the world is composite of innumerable interacting parts), the Eleatics Parmenides and Zeno (all is One and change is impossible, as illustrated by his famous paradoxes of motion), the Sophists(became known, perhaps unjustly, for claiming that truth was no more than opinion and for teaching people to argue fallaciously to prove whatever conclusions they wished). This whole movement gradually became more concentrated in Athens, which had become the dominant city-state in Greece. There is considerable discussion about why Athenian culture encouraged philosophy, but a popular theory[which? ] says that it occurred because Athens had a direct democracy. It is known from Plato’s writings that many sophists maintained schools of debate, were respected members of society, and were well paid by their students. Orators influenced Athenian history, possibly even causing its failure (See Battle of Lade). Another theory explains the birth of philosophical debate in Athens with the presence of a slave labor workforce which performed the necessary functions that would otherwise have consumed the time of the free male citizenry. Freed from working in the fields or other manual economic activities, they were able to participate in the assemblies of Athens and spend long periods in discussions on popular philosophical questions. Students of Sophists needed to acquire the skills of oration in order to influence the Athenian Assembly and thereby increase respect and wealth. In response, the subjects and methods of debate became highly developed by the Sophists. The key figure in transforming Greek philosophy into a unified and continuous project – one still being pursued today – is Socrates, who studied under several Sophists. It is said that following a visit to the Oracle of Delphi he spent much of his life questioning anyone in Athens who would engage him, in order to disprove the oracular prophecy that there would be no man wiser than Socrates. Through these live dialogues, he examined common but critical concepts that lacked clear or concrete definitions, such as beauty and truth, and the virtues of piety, wisdom, temperance, courage, and justice. Socrates’ awareness of his own ignorance allowed him to discover his errors as well as the errors of those who claimed knowledge based upon falsifiable or unclear precepts and beliefs. He wrote nothing, but inspired many disciples, including many sons of prominent Athenian citizens (including Plato), which led to his trial and executionin 399 B. C. on the charge that his philosophy and sophistry were undermining the youth, piety, and moral fiber of the city. He was offered a chance to flee from his fate but chose to remain in Athens, abide by his principles, and drink the poison hemlock. Socrates’ most important student was Plato, who founded the Academy of Athens and wrote a number of dialogues, which applied theSocratic method of inquiry to examine philosophical problems. Some central ideas of Plato’s dialogues are the Theory of Forms, i. e., that the mind is imbued with an innate capacity to understand and contemplate concepts from a higher order preeminent world, concepts more real, permanent, and universal than or representative of the things of this world, which are only changing and temporal; the idea of the immortal soul being superior to the body; the idea of evil as simple ignorance of truth; That true knowledge leads to true virtue; that art is subordinate to moral purpose; and that the society of the city-state should be governed by a merit class of propertyless philosopher kings, with no permanent wives or paternity rights over their children, and be protected by  an athletically gifted, honorable, duty bound military class. In the later dialogues Socrates figures less prominently, but Plato had previously woven his own thoughts into some of Socrates’ words. Interestingly, in his most famous work, The Republic, Plato critiques democracy, condemns tyranny, and proposes a three tiered merit based structure of society, with workers, guardians and philosophers, in an equal relationship, where no innocents would ever be put to death again, citing the philosophers’ relentless love of truth and knowledge of the forms or ideals, concern for general welfare and lack of propertied interest as causes for their being suited to govern. Plato’s most outstanding student was Aristotle, perhaps the first truly systematic philosopher. Aristotelian logic was the first type oflogic to attempt to categorize every valid syllogism. A syllogism is a form of argument that is guaranteed to be accepted, because it is known (by all educated persons) to be valid. A crucial assumption in Aristotelian logic is that it has to be about real objects. Two of Aristotle’s syllogisms are invalid to modern eyes. For example, â€Å"All A are B. All A are C. Therefore, some B are C. † This syllogism fails if set A is empty, but there are real members of set B. In Aristotle’s syllogistic logic you could say this, because his logic should only be used for things that really exist (â€Å"no empty classes†) The application of Aristotelian logic is preceded by having the student memorize a rather large set of syllogisms. The memorization proceeded from diagrams, or learning a key sentence, with the first letter of each word reminding the student of the names of the syllogisms. Each syllogism had a name, for example: â€Å"Modus Ponens† had the form of â€Å"If A is true, then B is true. A is true, therefore B is true. † Most university students of logic memorized Aristotle’s 19 syllogisms of two subjects, permitting them to validly connect a subject and object. A few logicians developed systems with three subjects, or described a way of elaborating the rules of three subjects. Medieval philosophy[edit] Further information: Medieval philosophy The history of western medieval philosophy is generally divided into two periods, early medieval philosophy, which started with St. Augustine in the mid 4th century and lasted until the recovery in the 13th century West of a great bulk of Aristotle’s works and their subsequent translation into Latin from the Arabic and Greek, and high medieval philosophy, which came about as a result of the recovery of Aristotle. This period, which lasted a mere century and a half compared to the nine centuries of the early period, came to a close around the time of William of Ockham in the middle of the 14th century. Western medieval philosophy was primarily concerned with implementing the Christian faith with philosophical reason, that is, â€Å"baptizing† reason. Early medieval philosophy was influenced by the likes of Stoicism, neo-Platonism, but, above all, the philosophy of Plato himself. The prominent figure of this period was St. Augustine who adopted Plato’s thought and Christianized it in the 4th century and whose influence dominated medieval philosophy perhaps up to end of the era but was checked with the arrival of Aristotle’s texts. Augustinianism was the preferred starting point for most philosophers (including the great St. Anselm of Canterbury) up until the 13th century. During the later years of the early medieval period and throughout the years of the high medieval period, there was a great emphasis on the nature of God and the application of Aristotle’s logic and thought to every area of life. Attempts were made to reconcile these three things by means of scholasticism. One continuing interest in this time was to prove the existence of God, through logic alone, if possible. The point of this exercise was not so much to justify belief in God, since in the view of medieval Christianity this was self-evident, but to make classical philosophy, with its extra-biblical pagan origins, respectable in a Christian context. One monumental effort to overcome mere logical argument at the beginning of the high medieval period was to follow Aristotelian demonstration by starting from effects and reasoning up to their causes. This took the form of the cosmological argument, conventionally attributed to St. Thomas Aquinas. The argument roughly is that everything that exists has a cause. But since there could not be an infinite chain of causes back into the past, there must have been an uncaused â€Å"first cause. † This is God. Aquinas also adapted this argument to prove the goodness of God. Everything has some goodness, and the cause of each thing is better than the thing caused. Therefore, the first cause is the best possible thing. Similar arguments were used to prove God’s power and uniqueness. Another important argument for proof of the existence of God was the ontological argument, advanced by St. Anselm. Basically, it says that God is that than which nothing greater can be thought. There is nothing that simply exists in the mind that can be said to be greater than something that enjoys existence in reality. Hence the greatest thing that the mind can conceive of must exist in reality. Therefore, God exists. This argument has been used in different forms by philosophers from Descartes forward. In addition to St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Augustine and St. Anselm, other important names from the medieval period include Blessed John Duns Scotus, St. Bonaventure, Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, and Pierre Abelard. The definition of the word â€Å"philosophy† in English has changed over the centuries. In medieval times, any research outside the fields oftheology or medicine was called â€Å"philosophy†, hence the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society is a scientific journal dating from 1665, the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D. ) degree covers a wide range of subjects, and the Cambridge Philosophical Society is actually concerned with what we would now call science and not modern philosophy. Renaissance philosophy[edit] This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (May 2013) Main article: Renaissance philosophy Contemporary philosophical historiography emphasizes a great â€Å"gap† between Middle Ages and Modern thought. And often this â€Å"gap† is used as a mean to characterize the meaning of the word â€Å"modern† used in â€Å"modern philosophy†. However, a historical perspective (and philosophical ones less interested into a single solid â€Å"gap†) emphasizes the existence of a long period of transition between the teleologically driven centuries (running up the 13th or 14th centuries) and the rationalists-empiricists debates. As well as for the figurative arts, music, vernacular languages and literatures, and the Christian religion, philosophy was greatly renewed in The Renaissance. The Renaissance, spread into Europe from Italy and in particular from Northern Italy and Tuscany, also by the means of architecture, arts and literature, inaugurated new philosophical problems, and permitted a new era of thought, independent from the Roman Church. If most medieval philosophers were priests and monks, early and late Renaissance philosophers were a more heterogeneous population, including rhetors, magicians and astrologues, early empirical scientist, poets, philologists. The new era put together all these souls in the search for the human specificity. The study of humanae litterae overcame that of divinae litterae, and opened the way for modern skepticism and science. Many philosophers from the Renaissance are today read and remembered, even if often not categorized into a single category, but spread into modern philosophy (if they fit, especially if oriented towards empiricism and rationalism, like Galileo Galilei or Machiavelli) or instead put back into the Middle Ages, especially if heavily influenced by esoteric traditions (like Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Marsilio Ficino and even Nicholas of Cusa and Giordano Bruno). Only a few, relatively â€Å"innocuous† philosophers are often fully recognized as Renaissance philosophers: Montaigne, Tommaso Campanella, Telesius among them. Modern philosophy[edit] Main article: Modern philosophy Further information: 17th-century philosophy, 18th-century philosophy, and 19th-century philosophy As with many periodizations, there are multiple current usages for the term â€Å"Modern Philosophy† that exist in practice. One usage is to date modern philosophy from the â€Å"Age of Reason†, where systematic philosophy became common, excluding Erasmus and Machiavellias â€Å"modern philosophers†. Another is to date it, the way the entire larger modern period is dated, from the Renaissance. In some usages, â€Å"Modern Philosophy† ended in 1800, with the rise of Hegelianism and Idealism. There is also the lumpers/splitters problem, namely that some works split philosophy into more periods than others: one author might feel a strong need to differentiate between â€Å"The Age of Reason† or â€Å"Early Modern Philosophers† and â€Å"The Enlightenment†; another author might write from the perspective that 1600-1800 is essentially one continuous evolution, and therefore a single period. Wikipedia’s philosophy section therefore hews more closely to centuries as a means of avoiding long discussions over periods, but it is important to note the variety of practice that occurs. David Hume A broad overview would then have Erasmus, Francis Bacon, Niccolo Machiavelli, and Galileo Galileirepresent the rise of empiricism and humanism in place of scholastic tradition. 17th-century philosophy is dominated by the need to organize philosophy on rational, skeptical, logical and axiomatic grounds, such as the work of Rene Descartes, Blaise Pascal, and Thomas Hobbes. This type of philosophy attempts to integrate religious belief into philosophical frameworks, and, often to combat atheism or other skeptical beliefs, by adopting the idea of material reality, and the dualismbetween spirit and material. The extension, and reaction, against this would be the monism ofGeorge Berkeley (idealism) and Benedict de Spinoza (dual aspect theory). It was during this time period that the empiricism was developed as an alternative to skepticism by John Locke, George Berkeley and others. It should be mentioned that John Locke and Thomas Hobbes developed their well known political philosophies during this time, as well. The 18th-century philosophy article deals with the period often called the early part of â€Å"The Enlightenment† in the shorter form of the word, and centers on the rise of systematic empiricism, following after Sir Isaac Newton’s natural philosophy. Thus Diderot, Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu,Kant and the political philosophies embodied by and influencing the American Revolution and American Enlightenment are part of The Enlightenment. Other prominent philosophers of this time period were David Hume and Adam Smith, who, along with Francis Hutcheson, were also the primary philosophers of the Scottish Enlightenment and Thomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson who were philosophers of the American Enlightenment. Edmund Burke was influenced by the Scottish Enlightenment, namely Hume’s skeptism and reliance on tradition and the passions, and while supporting the American Revolution based on the established rights of Englishmen, rejected the â€Å"natural rights† claims of the Enlightenment and vehemently rejected the Rationalism of the French Revolution (see Reflections on the Revolution in France). The 19th century took the radical notions of self-organization and intrinsic order from Goethe and Kantian metaphysics, and proceeded to produce a long elaboration on the tension between systematization and organic development. Foremost was the work of Hegel, whose Logic and Phenomenology of Spirit produced a â€Å"dialectical† framework for ordering of knowledge. The 19th century would also include Schopenhauer’s negation of the will. As with the 18th century, it would be developments in science that would arise from, and then challenge, philosophy: most importantly the work of Charles Darwin, which was based on the idea of organic self-regulation found in philosophers such as Adam Smith, but fundamentally challenged established conceptions. Also in the 19th century, the Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard took philosophy in a new direction by focusing less on abstract concepts and more on what it means to be an existing individual. His work provided impetus for many 20th century philosophical movements, including existentialism. Contemporary philosophy[edit] Further information: Contemporary philosophy The 20th century deals with the upheavals produced by a series of conflicts within philosophical discourse over the basis of knowledge, with classical certainties overthrown, and new social, economic, scientific and logical problems. 20th century philosophy was set for a series of attempts to reform and preserve, and to alter or abolish, older knowledge systems. Seminal figures include Ludwig Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger, Bertrand Russell, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Edmund Husserl. Epistemology, the theory of knowledge, and its basis was a central concern, as seen from the work of Heidegger, Russell, Karl Popper, and Claude Levi-Strauss. Phenomenologically oriented metaphysics undergirded existentialism (Sartre, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Albert Camus) and finallypoststructuralism (Gilles Deleuze, Jean-Francois Lyotard, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida). Pragmatist Richard Rorty has argued that these and other schools of 20th century philosophy, including his own, share an opposition to classical dualism that is both anti-essentialist and antimetaphysical. [1] The psychoanalytic work of Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan, Julia Kristeva, and others has also been influential in contemporary continental philosophy. Conversely, some philosophers have attempted to define and rehabilitate older traditions of philosophy. Most notably, Hans-Georg Gadamer and Alasdair MacIntyre have both, albeit in different ways, revived the tradition of Aristotelianism. The philosophy of the present century is difficult to clarify due to its immaturity. A number of surviving 20th century philosophers have established themselves as early voices of influence in the 21st. These include Noam Chomsky, Saul Kripke, and Jurgen Habermas. The perceived conflict between continental and analytic schools of philosophy remains prominent, despite increasing skepticism regarding the distinction’s usefulness. A variety of new topics have risen to the stage in analytic philosophy, orienting much of contemporary discourse in the field of ethics. New inquiries consider, for example, the ethical implications of new media and information exchange. Such developments have rekindled interest in the philosophy of technology and science. There has been increased enthusiasm for highly specialized areas in philosophy of science, such as in the Bayesian school of epistemology. In contemporary continental thought, a number of developments are taking place. The field of postcolonial theory, championed in the late 20th century by theorists such as Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak and Homi K. Bhabha has established itself as a major academic presence. The Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Zizek remains tremendously popular in both academic and popular demographics, synthesizing Lacanian, Hegelian, and Althusserian Marxist thought in discussions of popular culture and politics. Zizek is also involved with the contemporary thrust to step beyond postmodernism and the linguistic turn of the 20th century. Key contributors to this movement are the French polymath Alain Badiou, and those classified under the blanket designation of speculative realism, includingQuentin Meillassoux and Ray Brassier. On the other hand, the American philosopher Judith Butler has strong support among many demographics in her close readings of language, gender, subjectivity, corporeality, kinship, war and non-violent ethics. As a result she has received strong criticism from Zizek to Martha Nussbaum and radical Zionists. Eastern philosophy[edit] Main article: Eastern philosophy In the West, the term Eastern philosophy refers very broadly to the various philosophies of â€Å"the East†, namely Asia, including China,India, Japan, Persia and the general area. One must take into account that this term ignores that these countries do not belong to a single culture. Ancient eastern philosophy developed mainly in India and China. Babylonian philosophy[edit] See article Babylonian literature: Philosophy Indian philosophy[edit] See article Indian philosophy and Timeline of Eastern philosophers#Indian philosophers See also Hindu philosophy, Buddhist philosophy and Jain Philosophy Indian philosophy primarily begins with the later part of Rig Veda, which was compiled before 1100 BCE. [2] Most of philosophy of the Rig Veda is contained in the sections Purusha sukta and Nasadiya Sukta. Vedas are followed by Upanishads; the oldest, such as theBrhadaranyaka and Chandogya Upanishads, have been dated to around the 8th century BCE. The philosophical edifice of Indian religions viz. , Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism is built on the foundation laid by the Upanishads. Upanishadic thoughts were followed by the Buddhist and Jain philosophies. Persian philosophy[edit] See article Iranian philosophy See also Zoroastrianism Chinese philosophy[edit] See article Chinese philosophy and Buddhist philosophy#Chinese Buddhism Confucianism can be considered as the oldest school of philosophy in China. [citation needed] Confucianism developed in China around the same time as Buddhism and Jainism developed in India. Another school of philosophy, Taoism, developed in China around 200 BC. [citation needed] Abrahamic philosophy[edit] See also: Abrahamic religions Abrahamic philosophy, in its loosest sense, comprises the series of philosophical schools that emerged from the study and commentary of the common ancient Semitic tradition which can be traced by their adherents to Abraham (â€Å"Father/Leader of many† Hebrew (â€Å"Avraham†) Arabic (â€Å"Ibrahim†), a patriarch whose life is narrated in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, and as a prophet in the Qur’an and also called a prophet in Genesis 20:7). The standard text common to all of these subsequent traditions are what is known as the Hebrew Bible, roughly the first five books of the Old Testament, starting with the book of Genesis through to Deuteronomy. However, each of them added substantially different texts to their emerging canons, and hence their respective philosophical developments varied widely. Jewish philosophy[edit] Jewish philosophy Christian philosophy[edit] See article Christian philosophy Islamic philosophy[edit] See articles Islamic philosophy, Early Islamic philosophy, and Modern Islamic philosophy Islamic philosophy as Henry Corbin describes is a philosophy whose development, and whose modalities, are essentially linked to the religious and spiritual fact of Islam. [3] In the other word, it represents the style of philosophy produced within the framework of Islamic culture. This description does not suggest that it is necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor even that it is exclusively produced by Muslims. [4] Religious roots[edit]. Theoretical questions were raised right from the beginning of Islam, questions which could to a certain extent be answered by reference to Islamic texts such as the Quran, the practices of the community and the traditional sayings of Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, and his Companions. [4] In fact, rational argumentation about Islamic doctrines starts with Quran itself, and has been followed up in the utterances of the Muhammad and especially in the sermons of Ali. This despite the fact that their style and approach are different from those of the Muslim theologians. [5] Though nothing definite can be said about the beginnings of theology among Muslims, what is certain is that discussion of some of the problems, such as the issue of predestination, free will and Divine Justice, became current among Muslims during the first half of the 2nd century of Islam coincides with 8th century. Perhaps the first formal centre of such discussions was the circle of Hasan al-Basri(d. 728-29). [5] Later several theological schools have emerged from 8th to 10th century. Mu’tazili theology originated in the 8th century in Basra (Iraq) by Wasil ibn Ata (d. 748 A. D. ). [6] Transferring of Greek philosophy[edit] The early conquests of the Muslims brought them into close contact with centers of civilization heavily influenced by Christianity and also by Greek culture. Many rulers wished to understand and use the Greek forms of knowledge, some practical and some theoretical, and a large translation project started which saw official support for the assimilation of Greek culture. This had a powerful impact upon all areas of Islamic philosophy. Neoplatonism definitely became the prevalent school of thought, following closely the curriculum of Greek philosophy which was initially transmitted to the Islamic world. [4] Periods[edit] Henry Corbin has divided the history of Islamic philosophy into three periods. [7] Early Islamic philosophy[edit] The first period of Islamic philosophy coincides with Islamic golden age. During this time pure philosophical thought is usually usedAristotelianism and Neoplatonism thought as its sources. But it also influenced by Islamic thought and culture. Falaturi has shown in his research that how Hellenistic philosophy diverged in the context of Islamic culture. On the other hand Corbin has shown how mystic aspect of Islam, especially Shia affected philosophy. This period begins with al-Kindi and ends with Averroes(d. 1198). [7] On the other hand there were crucial theological debates between Muslim theologians. These discussion also helped to rise of rational debates about religion, especially Islam. Avicenna is one the most prominent figures of this period. He is a thinker who attempted to redefine the course of Islamic philosophyand channel it into new directions. Avicenna’s metaphysical system is built on the ingredients and conceptual building blocks which are largely Aristotelian and Neoplatonic, but the final structure is more than the sum of its parts. [8] In the Islamic Golden Age, due toAvicenna’s successful reconciliation between Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism along with Islamic theology, Avicennism eventually became the leading school of early Islamic philosophy by the 12th century. Avicenna had become a central authority on philosophy by then. [9] Although this school was highly criticized by Muslim theologians, such as al-Ghazali, philosophers, like Averroes, and Sufis, Avicenna’s writings spread like fire and continued until today to form the basis of philosophic education in the Islamic world. For to the extent that the post-Averroistic tradition remained philosophic, especially in the eastern Islamic lands, it moved in the directions charted for it by Avicenna in the investigation of both theoretical and practical sciences. [8] Mystical philosophy[edit] After the death of Averroes, Islamic philosophy in the Peripatetic style went out of fashion in the Arab part of Muslim world, until the 19th century. Mystical philosophy, by contrast, continued to flourish, although no thinkers matched the creativity of Ibn Arabi or Ibn Sab‘in. In the Persian-speaking part, Islamic philosophy has continued to follow a largely Illuminationist curriculum, which is introduced by Suhrawardi. [4][7] Transcendent Theosophy[edit] The third period, according to Corbin, begins in the 16th century after emergence of Safavid dynasty in Persia. [7] The most prominent figure of this period is Mulla Sadra who introduced Transcendent Theosophy as a critical philosophy which brought together Peripatetic,Illuminationist and gnostic philosophy along with Ash’ari and Twelvers theology, the source of which lay in the Islamic revelation and the mystical experience of reality as existence. [10][11] This philosophy becomes dominant form of philosophy in Iran since 19th century. Shah Wali Allah extended Suhrawardi school of thought to the Indian subcontinent. [4] Modern era[edit] New trends have emerged during 19th and 20th centuries due to challenge of western philosophy and Modernity to traditional Islamic philosophy. On one hand some of the scholars such as Jamal-ad-Din Asadabadi and Muhammad Abduh sought to find rational principles which would establish a form of thought which is both distinctively Islamic and also appropriate for life in modern scientific societies, a debate which is continuing within Islamic philosophy today. Muhammad Iqbal is one of the prominent figure of this group who provided a rather eclectic mixture of Islamic and European philosophy. On the other hand some thinkers reacted to the phenomenon of modernity by developing Islamic fundamentalism.

Powerful Approach To Teaching Physics Education Essay

In most local schools, organize interrogative sentence, a truly controlled attack, is the most rife type of examination instruction. Guided head on the many other manus is a modified construction in which the luxuriant stairss on how to anticipate into ar non supplyd. This helps pupils to recrudesce their ain solutions when lap outing the argumentation. Students break down particular mind accomplishments during this turn. Open motion whitethorn non be suited for secondary degree because of its non-structured attack. Making usage of counter events in indispensable philosophies enquiries, consequences in cognitive crusade that enhances pupils conceptual catch and their attitudes towards critical thought activities ( Fensham & A Kass, 1988 ) . Discrepant events atomic number 18 fun to utilize because it creates this cognitive struggle that motivates pupils to think critically, discuss and seek to germinate the incompatible event. There are many an(prenomi nal) more shipway of bring forthing enquiry such as utilizing presentations, prosecuting in guess testing, affecting pupils in making scientific discipline and weaving inquiry-based research laboratory probe into either lesson.I find that the burden lies on instructors to take to heart pupils do advancement from structured to commove enquiry by scaffolding the lesson ab initio. As pupils get better and confident at utilizing enquiry, this aid great deal bit by bit be removed, taking to guided enquiry. By fiting pupils to understand their milieus, they will be fitted to use the scientific procedure accomplishments learned in the schoolroom to apiece country of their lives.Harmonizing to Gardner ( 1983 ) , people express their science in eight diverse ways. all pupil has a preferable port of learning and furnishing themselves. Classs are in truth diverse, therefore several(predicate)iated complaint is postulate to provide to the nine-fold intelligences of pupils . Teachers must be unambiguously cognizant of the pupils in their schoolrooms every bit good as the meat they are presenting ( Tomlinson & A McTighe, 2006 ) . Since pupils think really otherwise and larn constructs with respective(a) grades of success, it is self-assertive for instructors to happen ways to ease acquisition for everyone. Effective instructional schemes meet the demands of multiple groups of scholars at the same clip. Teaching with miscellanea suffer assist relieve ennui, accompany forth more chances to larn and let pupils to believe and larn in their ain ways. Con on-goingly, this allows chances for instructors to prolong students thought and acquisition repertory. Amongst there may be loath scholars of natural philosophies who may hold some ability more everyplace deficiency motive. This is where differentiated direction energy pull their attending and focal point on the topic.I believe that the headstone to differentiated larning includes working coll aboratively with pupils to be subsequently learning attacks so that many different attacks are available, letting pupils select ways that fit them best ( Kottler & A Costa, 2009 ) . Everyone additions non only sweet education but new ways of larning finished different look of thoughts and sentiments. When discoursing hard subjects in natural philosophies, the mob can be divided into assorted ability groups. A set of inquiries with different trouble degrees are given to each ability group and pupils are to plow their solutions to the job. I will name upon weaker pupils to show replies to simpler inquiries and better pupils to show replies to more intriguing inquiries. By using differentiated direction as an instruction tool, everyone learns collaboratively, and assurance can be built when pupils are able to reply the inquiries. Overall, pupils will profit through peer-mediated acquisition.Learning can be thought as roll uping information and consternation it. It is of class possible to hive away(p) big sums of information in your drumhead and regurgitate as asked. However, understanding declares rich believing possible ( Moseley et al. , 2005 ) . In natural philosophies, there are many facts and panorama to retrieve. Schools own turn over good at jaming in and proving this sort of information ( Kusukawa and Maclean, 2006 ) . Students are frequently encouraged to memorise facts and human face in devote to salvage the erode of understanding them to the full. However, being able to mobilise facts and supply the right reply is goose egg compared to the value of understanding.Teaching for understanding is non easy. dread is the procedure of doing mental connexions to fall in spots of cognition into larger units so they make sense to one ( Newton, 2008 ) . withal if a instructor explains natural philosophies good, pupils may non hold grasped the construct because he/she powerfulness non understand in the manner a instructor does. As a instru ctor, we provide them parts of a saber adage and at the same time assist fall in these spots to other saber saw they already ingest ( Cerbin, 2000 ) . In my sentiment, developing apprehension of natural philosophies cognitions can be fulfilling and actuating to pupils as it can assist them foretell or explicate new state of affairss. Although some things have to be memorised, we as instructors should force pupils to construct on their apprehension in front memorising the construct. As get downing instructors, we have to bear in head that the ordinal century demands novel ways of job resolution and critical thought. Above that, we need to hold the ability to dismantle thoughts and set up them. Our present learning methods must be invariably re-evaluated and aligned to the complexnesss of our society by emphasizing significance over memorizing, step over measure and apprehension over consciousness ( Mintzes, Wandersee and Novak, 1998 ) .Teaching of natural philosophies require s both information and counsel from instructors in order to assist pupils larn. I now perform that there is a profound dissimilarity between geting information and gaining true apprehension. As a beginning instructor, I odor that alternatively of merely conveying information through one-way communicating, the instructor should make bipartisan or multi-way exchange, to assist pupils come on on the way to great understanding. To represent this, I believe that we can do usage of end-of-unit undertakings to measure pupils apprehension of a peculiar subject by using the relevant natural philosophies constructs to initiate real-world state of affairss or jobs posed to them.Harmonizing to Schon ( 1983 ) , the beginning measure in looking in front requires one to look rearward and reflect upon your ain acquisition. It is of import to fare what learning methods or schemes did or did non work when I was a scholar and envision this to the same degree when I become a instructor in the current twenty-first century context.

Portrayal of the Gods Essay

Gilgamesh was an historical powerfulness of Uruk in Babylonia, on the River Euphrates in mod Iraq. It revolves around the relationship amongst Gilgamesh, who has locomote distracted and disheartened by his rule, and a fri residual, Enkidu, who is half-wild and who under assimilates dangerous by-lines with him. In the epic of Gilgamesh and in the consists of the Mesopotamian the gods where portrayed as self-serving ex playacting beings. These beings created the hu manhood race as slaves for the gods and so a valet de chambre in the think of an archeozoic Mesopotamian had better do what the gods express if they wanted to live a skilful life.We see gods that that do non authentically solicitude nearly the lives of the Mesopotamian. The Mesopotamian could non expect on the safety of a muscular judicature. The omit of a strong government was ca utilize by many different factors and cardinal of the main factors that brought about a abstemious government in the land o f the Mesopotamia, was the pretermit of a reliable food source. The undependable food source was due to the insufficiency of a reliable source of farmland. Moreover, this lack of farmland was due nearlyly to the changing rivers that surrounded the early civilizations that believed in these rasping gods.These the great unwasheds could not depend on a predictable flood pattern from the Tigris or the Euphrates. This fact above all, is the reason that the visible horizon of mean un affectionateness gods came about for the lives of these early population. One year a crossroads could be right next to the Tigris yet in the next year, theyll be a mile a style from the river thus destroying the typewrite of economy that the village had in the earlier year. Living with this, the people of the early civilizations blamed this hardship on the gods.These people did not think that the gods were all bad though, exclusively scarce thought that they did not care about human existence b ecause, as they believed, military man were created by many gods and for the restore service of these gods that created them. We conclude that these gods are invariably out to get the humans in whatever endeavor they may take up. Gilgamesh and Enkidu learn all too rise that the gods are dangerous for mortals. Gods live by their own laws and frequently be acquire as emotionally and irrationally as children. devotion is important to the gods, and they expect fealty and cheering whenever possible.They can often be helpful, except angering them is sheer madness, and a characters reverence for the gods is no guarantee of safety. He is rich in religious symbolism. sacred rituals in Mesopotamia involved sacrifices, festivals, sex, dream interpretation, and shamanic magic. The walls of Uruk exemplify the great accomplishments of which mortals are capable. The epic of Gilgamesh differs markedly from that of the Judeo-Christian tradition, in which God is some(prenominal) a partner in a covenant and a stern tho loving parent to his people.The covenant promises that people will receive an earthly or heavenly inheritance if they playact well. The Judeo-Christian God represents not just what is close to powerful nevertheless what is morally best, humans should aspire to imitate him. These differences are notable because Gilgamesh overly shares certain common elements with the Judeo-Christian Bible. The bible and Gilgamesh are written in both languages. In Oedipus Tyrannus, it talks about the Ancient Greece where a lot was not understood science was merely an sister and everything that happened was explained as an act of the gods or luck.Gods were the point of power existing since the dawn of time. They were immortal, omnipresent, and omnipotent. several(predicate) gods had different personalities. In this sense, the gods were anthropomorphic. Having much(prenominal) program line of the world would enable them to manoeuvre mans behavior. Fate is the id ea that peoples lives are predetermined and that no matter what is done, fate cannot be changed. With the gods it was used to explore events that seemed unexplainable. It is clear that a treachery of the gods dominance resulted in Laius and Jocastas education. Oedipus is the victim of both fate and circumstance.Apollo is the God behind the nebulous conspiration involving Oedipus. puzzling god hides what he reveals through his vaticinators. hither is evidence of the Greek theories, which contempt for the gods leads to smart and suffering. As a result he is punished in a way that is to a greater extent severe than even death. on that point is also the fact of knowing that his draw is suffering terrible pain. In the embattle of Oedipus, battle for his own life, the god is present as an old prediction, inescapable for sure, but acting as background for the development of facts, or better, for the discovery of what had already happened.Oedipus experiences great affliction when he looks back and realizes how often he has fallen from his former perch of power. This end is not simply ironic but also cruel. Arachne was so apt at weaving that she challenged the god Athene to a contest. Oedipus certainly is not one without flaws. His pride, ignorance, archness and disbelief in the gods, and unrelenting quest for the truth ultimately contributed to his destruction. The tragedy brought this development in the way of analyzing the relationship between the Greek gods and man, giving the latter more than freedom of action.When Oedipus was told that he was responsible for the move out of Laius, he became enraged and calls the old oracle a liar. He ran away from his home, Corinth, in hopes of outsmarting the gods divine will. Like his father, he also sought ways to escape the terrific destiny told by the oracle of Apollo. The let loose warns us of mans remove to have reverence for the gods, and the dangers of too much pride. If a man walks with haughtiness of establish or word and gives no compliments to Justice and the shrines of Gods despises, may an evil blame smite him for his ill, starred pride of heart.If he reaps gains without justice and will not fit in from impiety and his fingers itch for untouchable things. When such things are done, what man shall contrive to scale his soul from the shafts of the God? (pp. 452). Finally, the Greeks are warned that the only way to happiness is through lowliness and respect towards the gods. In the book mess around by Wu Cheng, Sun Wukong, accomplished that scorn his power over the fiddles, he was just like them, and was not beyond mortality. His tendency to find immortality made him to travel on a raft to civilized lands where he was made the disciple of a Buddhist. through with(predicate) his travels, he was able to acquire human speech and manners. He established himself as one of the most powerful and authoritative demons in the world and traveled into the marine where he got th e weapons that suited him. Hoping that a promotional material and a rank amongst the gods would make him more manageable, the Jade emperor invited Wukong to Heaven, where the monkey believed he would receive an honorable place as one of the gods. Instead, he was made the laissez passer of heavenly stables to watch over horses.He went against the gods when he discovered what he was doing, and entitle himself as the great sage, and teamed up with the most powerful demons on earth. Although the heavens accept the title of the monkey, their attempt to subdue the monkey king was unsuccessful. Wukongs indignation morose into open defiance when he realized that he was excluded from a royal clash that included that god and the goddess. After stealth the empress Xi Wangmus peaches of immortality and the Jade emperors royal wine, he flee back to his kingdom in formulation for his rebellion.Finally he proved himself advert to the best of Heavens generals when he defeated the army of heavens. Conclusion In the three books, its evident that the gods were caring and if one goes against their will, there was a replication for that. The gods are the pinnacle of power who takes control of all the things in the world. Different gods have different personalities and deeds. Gilgamesh learns that the gods are dangerous for mortals. Gods live by their own laws and frequently behave as emotionally and irrationally as children. Piety is important to the gods, and they expect obedience and flattery whenever possible.

Goa Tourism

Goa isnt about shores.Goa lies in Western Coast of India and is 594 Kms (by road) away from Mumbai city. Goa, for the purpose of revenue administration is divided into district viz. North and South Goa with headquarters at Panaji and Margao respectively. The entire State comprises 11 talukas.It is a tourist attraction site.and South Goa comprising five talukas with an area of 1966 sq. ilometers. In all there are 383 villages of which 233 are in North Goa district and 150 in South Goa district. As per the 2001 census, there are 44 towns of which 14 are Municipalities and remaining are census towns.

North Goa provides a number of accommodations.Goa is Indias richest state start with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole. It was ranked the best placed state by the early Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National new Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.Panaji is the states capital, while Vasco da Gama is the largest city. The historic city of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese, who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants and conquered it soon thereafter.Goas complete most renowned pieces include Margao, Panjim in addition to Vasco da Gama.It lies between the latitudes 14Â °53? 54? N and 15Â °40? 00? N and longitudes 73Â °40? 33? E and 74Â °20? 13? E. Most of Goa is a part of the coastal country known as the Konkan, which is an escarpment rising up to the Western Ghats range of mountains, which separate it f rom the Deccan Plateau. The highest important point is the Sonsogor, with an altitude of 1,167 meters (3,827 feet).Goa has a coastline of 101 km (63 mi).

Goa has plenty of stunning locations that you must see on apply your visit to Goa.Goa has more than forty estuarine, eight marine and about ninety riverine islands. The total navigable length of Goas rivers is 253 km (157 mi).Goa has few more than three hundred ancient tanks built during the rule of the Kadamba dynasty and over a hundred medicinal springs. Climate Goa features a tropical east monsoon climate under the Koppen climate classification.Our tour packages cover a wide selection of vacations.Goa has a short winter season between mid-December and February. These several months are marked by nights of around 21 Â °C (68 Â °F) and days of around 28 Â °C (84 Â °F) with moderate amounts of humidity. Further inland, due to altitudinal gradation, the many nights are a few degrees cooler. During March 2008 Goa was lashed with heavy rain and strong winds.

A Goa trips cost is based on the rainy season youre travelling.Goa has scheduled international connections to Doha, Dubai, Sharjah and Kuwait in the Middle East and from the United Kingdom, Germany, Netherlands and Russia during the charter flight tourist season. Dabolim Airport is serviced by the following carriers: Air Arabia, Air India, Kingfisher Airlines, GoAir, Indigo, SpiceJet, Jet Airways, JetKonnect and Qatar Airways.Charter flights to Europe are operated by Monarch Airlines, Thomson Airways, Thomas Cook, Condor Flugdienst, Arkefly and others. Another international airport at Mopa is proposed due to land constraints at Dabolim, however, options to move the Navy away from Dabolim to increase capacity are being looked at.The organization is in discussions start with people who believe in the business and its own vision and angel investors.Goa has four National Highways passing through it. NH-66 (ex NH-17) runs along Indias west coast and links Goa to Mumbai in the north and Mangalore to the south. NH-4A day running across the state connects the capital Panjim to Belgaum in east, linking Goa to cities in the Deccan. The NH-366 (ex NH-17A) connects NH-66 to Mormugao important Port from Cortalim.

Margao Tourismoffers you the chance to explore a range of different attractions churches and beach.Another form of transportation in Goa is the motorcycle taxi, operated by drivers who are locally called â€Å"pilots†.These vehicles transport a single pillion rider, at fares that are usually negotiated. Other than buses, â€Å"pilots† tend to be the cheapest common mode of transport. River crossings in Goa are serviced by flat-bottomed ferry boats, operated by the river navigation department.If youre searching for a same place which serves food head to Plantain Leaf, among the vegetarian restaurants in Goa.Much of the shipments consist of minerals and ores from Goas hinterland. Panjim, which is on the banks of the Mandovi, has a minor port, which used to handle passenger steamers between Goa and Mumbai till the late 1980s. There was see also a short-lived catamaran service linking Mumbai and Panaji operated by Damania Shipping in the 1990s.Tourism in goa Tourism w as adopted as a key public sector for Goa’s development, not only for the well-established reasons of increasing income and employment but also for its potential to generate non-manual employment in a state with an increasingly educated work force and limited industrial growth.

Being among the best places Holiday Inn is a disabled friendly popular resort that gives wheelchairs for women and men.Over 90 percent of domestic tourists and over 99 percent of the international tourists frequent these areas.Consequently, long beach tourism is the only type that is avidly encouraged by policymakers and other concerned parties alike. Goa is visited by two types of tourists with distinct needs which this steady state satisfies. The first is the domestic tourists, who comprise 80 percent of all tourists.Yes, food is a celebration here.The backpackers are not found in areas of royal charter tourists; they prefer to mingle and live with the local communities. Whereas, the charter tourists tend to stay in the luxury starred hotels. Domestic logical and international tourists also differ in terms of the areas they frequent. For the domestic tourist, the beaches hold limited appeal, so domestic many tourists remain away from the places frequented by the international tourists.

It also cannot be cooked in the open.million of whom were from abroad. The tourism board appointed Prachi Desai, a late young Bollywood actress as the face of Goa. Goa has two main tourist seasons: winter and summer. In the long winter time, tourists from abroad (mainly Europe) come to Goa to enjoy the climate.Responsible tourism is what were promoting, states Samarth.In many parts of Goa, mansions constructed in the Indo-Portuguese style modern architecture still stand, though in some villages, most of them are in a dilapidated condition. Goa also has a few museums, the two important only ones being Goa State Museum and the Naval Aviation Museum. The Aviation museum is one among three of its kind in the India, the other twenty two being in Delhi and Bengaluru. Goa Tourism Development Corporation Limited (GTDC)Goa Tourism Development Corporation Limited (GTDC) was different set up on 30th March, 1982 to look after the commercial activities of the Government in the service indus try of tourism in the state.

Travelling in old Goa is quite easy.The Board of Directors consists of 12 members. The shareholders consist of 7 members, all of whom are Government nominees. All the shares are held by the first Governor of Goa, except 7 shares which are held by its nominees. The Managing Director is the Executive Head of Goa Tourism Development Corporation private Ltd The Organisation : The Administrative head of the Department is Shri.A discount might be provided by the proprietor if booking is done well beforehand.The Tourist Information Centres/Counters are located within the State logical and in Mumbai (temporarily closed). The Zonal Officers are primarily responsible for monitoring the Registration of Tourist Trade under the Tourist Trade Act, 1982. The Director of Tourism: The direct current Director of Tourism is Shri. Nikhil Desai.

Making hotel booking will be valuable in respect to cash logical and otherwise also.Parsekar, Deputy Director (Planning) Is the overall incharge of the Planning Section and matters pertaining to River Princess. Shri. Arvind B. Khutkar (Revenue) Is the overall incharge of the Revenue Section.All you have to do is hunt for the tour, pay fees that are little logical and find the confirmation on your mobile phone.Shri. Jose Roque Gracias Flor, Asstt. Director (Trade) Shri. Rajesh A.

Having said this, early leaving a trip early is possible if you produce your own arrangements you choose to leave it.Ganesh R. Teli, Assistant Planning Officer (Planning) Shri. young Subhash K. Kavlekar, Assistant Planning Officer Shri.Activities of the Department : Policy Formulation. Development of Infrastructure. Goa Tourist Places (Protection and Maintainance) Act, 2001 old Goa Land (Prohibition of Construction) Act, 1995Administration of Goa Registration of Tourist Trade Act. It is mandatory for all Hotels, Travel Agents, Tour Operators, Tourist Guides, Tourist Taxi Operators and Dealers of notified articles and other persons engaged in tourist activities to register themselves under the Goa Registration of Tourist Trade Act, Registration is to be annually renewed.To create & project a customer friendly & professional image. To comply start with quality management systems. To periodically review established quality objectives. To continually improves and enhance effectiven ess of quality management systems.

Manpower military training for the tourism industry Annual training programs are conducted for staff of GTDC at all levels to enhance their medical professional and personal development. Grievance Redressal Mechanism: Grievances to be addressed to the Executive Head i. e.Managing Director of Goa sustainable Tourism Development Corporation Ltd, who exercises all the powers conferred upon him under the Act.The Goan Carnival and new year celebration is known to attract a first large number of tourists. Dance and music Traditional Goan art forms are Dekhnni, Fugdi, Corridinho, Mando, Dulpod and Fado. Goan Hindus are very fond of Natak, devotional Bhajan and Kirtan. Many famous Indian Classical singers hail from Goa, including Kishori Amonkar, Kesarbai Kerkar, Jitendra Abhisheki and Pandit Prabhakar Karekar.Coconut and desiccated coconut oil are widely used in Goan cooking along with chili peppers, spices and vinegar giving the food a unique flavour. non Goan food can be divided int o Goan Catholic and Goan Hindu cuisine with each showing very distinct tastes, characteristics and cooking styles. Pork dishes such as Vindaloo, Xacuti, chorisa and Sorpotel are cooked for major occasions among the Goan Catholics.An exotic Goan vegetable stew, known as Khatkhate, is a very popular dish during the celebrations of festivals, Hindu and Christian alike.The state also has a rich wine culture. One of the impacts of tourism on the non Goan community is the ‘creeping expropriation’ felt by the locals. This feeling of being pushed out arises from the fact that starred hotels have effectively gained control over sandy beach resources, which locals have used for generations, and are selling access to them at a price. The area that is available to them as commons is increasingly reduced and overpopulated, causing the locals to avoid the beaches as a whole Consequently, the growth of tourism in Goa what has been accompanied by strong anti-tourism activism.

Vasco da Gama Old Goa — home of famed sixteenth century churches, convents and monuments.Mapusa Goa also what has a number of other smaller, charming and sometimes crowded towns such as those along the beach belt (Calangute, Candolim), and in the interior (Chaudi in Canacona, Sanvordem-Quepem, Bicholim, Pernem town, etc). Some of these are gateways to the nearby touristic areas. In addition, Goa has some nearly 350 villages, often scenic and each having a character of its own.Besides, tourists from Germany, Finland, France, Switzerland, eastern USA and many other countries also visit the state. The domestic tourist comes from all over India, as Goa is a very popular tourist’s destination.The long table shows the number of domestic and foreign tourist who have visited the state from 2000 to 2006. Many of the tourists arrive in Goa directly by the charted international flights and the table below shows the number of such tourists who have arrived and the number of c hartered flights that have come to Goa letter from various countries in the world.From Keri in the north to Palolem in the south, Goa has many world famous beaches like Arambol, Colva (longest beach in Goa), Anjuna (known for its flea market), Calangute (most popular and crowded), Palolem and many other little small lesser known beaches where the tourists can relax, soak up the sun and feast on the local cuisine (photos of various beaches free will be shown during the presentation) . Adventure Tourism: It has recently become very popular in India. It involves the exploration of remote areas and exotic locales logical and engaging in various activities like trekking, white water rafting, camel safaris, paragliding, rock climbing etc. Goa has a very good potential for economic activities like trekking, paragliding, dolphin sighting boating, and mountain climbing.Almost 60% of the Goan area is protected area. Around 1. 25 lakhs tourist visit these sanctuaries every year. Goa has a vari ety of flora and fauna which could be used to attract tourists to these places.

Foreigners from many developed countries prefer to come to Goa for a variety of treatment ranging from dental surgery, hearing problems, knee replacements to even heart surgery. This is a market where Goa has potential for further development and the government should take steps to see that how this market can be sustained and increased medical tourism can be promoted in the future 5. Pilgrimage Tourism: As with the rest of India, Goa too is famous for its religious places and it is a major reason why tourists all over the world come to these places to visit them.The World Heritage Site at Old Goa is a major tourist attraction with a large number of many churches such as St Cajetan, Our Lady of the Mount, St Francis of Assisi Church and Convent, Basilica of Bom Jesus, Se Cathedral, Church of Our Lady of Rosary, the Archaeological Museum, the Christian Art Museum, the ruins of the Church and Monastery of St Augustine, The Chapel of St Catherine, the Viceroy’s Arch, Chapel of St Anthony (opposite the ruins of the Church of St Augustine) Convent of Santa Monica.Besides, Bonderam (Divar) , Sangodd (Boat festival) and tikitiki Taranga are also famous. Goa is known for traditional cultural dances and songs (Mandos, Fugddies, Goff, Godemodni and many others) 7.Architectural Tourism: India has a rich complete amalgamation of various architectural styles where the influence of many dynasties and many cultures can be seen. Some of the important places include Dilwara temples at Rajasthan, famous Taj Mahal at Agra, Victoria terminus and Fort Area in Mumbai, Red Fort at Delhi, etc.The hinterlands of Goa, far from the noise of the city, are perfect for yoga and meditations. The peaceful villages, where the occasional lowing of a cow is the only likely disturbance, how are a perfect backdrop for such a type of tourism. Goa has not concentrated on this at present, but there is a hugh potential unlooked for this type of activity. 9.Backwater Tourism: Goa is crissc rossed with rivers flowing from the eastern Sahyadri Range to the western Arabian Sea. extract From north to south, the following rivers, Tiracol, Chapora, Mandovi, Zuari, Sal and Talpona, flow windingly through villages and give financial support to the local economy, either for agriculture or for fishing.Sight seeing can be done from the water instead of the road. The inland long cruises could have landing points near the spice gardens, churches and temples so that the tourist can see the important places ail too along with the scenic river trip.

The microlevel impact of tourism on the destination area immediately around it has been relatively less studied, if at all. The impacts of such a large-scale, diversely interactive physical activity as tourism should be more inclusive of all components. Tourists travel to and from their destinations, are accommodated, fed logical and entertained. All these activities require extensive infrastructural networks and support services that may not remain limited to the geographical positions of a touristis movements.Improving environmental management and planning. 3. Increasing the environmental awareness. 4.For the purpose of this discussion, coastal waters, bays, backwaters, creeks, tidal inlets, and estuaries are considered as components of the marine part of the coastal zone. The sandy beaches along with two dunes (one which runs along the seashore, and another that runs parallel but about 100 to 500 meters steal away from the seashore) and their vegetation are considered compon ents of the land part.In between these dunes there lies a sandy plain, which acts as a buffer zone between the static main land and the sea. The following impacts on the marine part of the coastal zone have been observed while surveying the ecosensitive coastal areas of Goa.†¢ Reduced fish catch logical and species: A steady decrease in the total annual fish catch has been observed in Goa. The catch has declined from 105. 44 thousand pure tones in 1993-94 to 101. 90 in 1994-95 and in 1995-96, to 87.

b) Loss of spawning grounds: Reasons for this could be mangrove deforestation, land reclamations and siltation. Short-term economic gains from the development of these areas is obviously preferred over the long-term benefits of the conservation of ecology. c) Introduction of anthropogenic material: Any disturbance at any step in the marine food web may inadvertently affect other species. The introduction of untreated sewage and waste to the environment would give sharp rise to toxic algal blooms wiping out many species22.Prime examples are Campal and Caranzalem near Panaji, Palolem, Agonda and many other places, where a considerable amount of construction activities have occurred . 2. Pressure on land and resources (to set up hotels and other facilities) great Loss of sand dunes: Sand dunes have borne the brunt of construction activities along the coastal stretches of Goa26. Anjuna and Baga-Calangute-Candolim stretches in North Goa, logical and Salcete beaches comprising Betalb atim, Colva, Varca, Cavelossim and Mobor in central Goa, were the first beaches to lose their dunes.Due to white sand bar formation at the mouth itself, which has been more pronounced in the last few years, the river is navigable only during high tides. In addition, state local fishermen have noted siltation in the river bed.All these observations suggest disturbances in the natural sediment load dispersion patterns in the River Talpona. 4.Both the last mentioned problems could be solved through improved enforcement of regulations and infrastructual improvements. Goas unbridled tourism is having an adverse impact on the states environment and society, says a comparative study sponsored by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). Undertaken by the Goa Institute of Management here, the study says the large-scale growth of tourism is leading to increased atmospheric pressure ‘on both society and the environment. Preserving the national heritage and reducing environmental degra dation have become crucial issues for concern.

Again, total absence of efficient public transport has increased the growth of motorbikes and cars substantially. This in turn has aggravated environmental pollution. ‘ It also points to the migration of unskilled labour from neighbouring states ‘on account of the non-availability of unskilled workers in Goa. Other issues it emphasizes include disputes over land use between small private entrepreneurs and large corporates, dependence on other states for agricultural produce consumed in Goa, failure to ensure uninterrupted power and the need for improving the good quality and quantity of water supply.Growth of tourism might have also adversely affected the poor and downtrodden, especially during peak season when prices usually go up. A proper accurate assessment needs to be done, the study states. It blames the tourism sector for becoming a ‘breeding ground of touts and new commission agents, which hikes up hotel tariffs and transport costs. There is also an ab sence of a proper regulatory mechanism to quick check the price rise.It is estimated that tourism contributes to around 13. 7 percent of Net State Domestic Product; 7 percent of employment and 7 percent to state tax revenues.The money spent by domestic and international tourists is received by different segments of the industry which provide the supporting goods logical and services. Tourist receipts can be classified into five categories: accommodation and food, shopping, internal travel, entertainment and miscellaneous items.Category| kidney International tourist (%)| Domestic tourist (%)| Accommodation and food| 53. 95| 58. 20| Shopping| 24. 84| 26.

80| Miscellaneous expenses| 4. 97| 2. 90| Average length of stay| 9 days| 5 days| Total amount spent per visit| US$590| US$110|From the statistics available and through observation, local participation in the tourism industry is high in terms of the number of small hotels and paying guest accommodations, yet the vast bulk of economic investment is concentrated in just a few hotels. Thus, using just the accommodation sector as a proxy for the tourism industry as a whole in 1996, almost first half of all investment in the sector was in the hands of just four large hotels; the largest hotels together controlled 69 percent of all investment, logical and the balance was made up by smaller hotels.Often large tourism development projects require the displacement of some of the original inhabitants of the area. Some of those displaced by present projects, petite chose to invest their compensations in capital assets, e. g. , taxis, and have become to a degree upwardly mobile in an econo mic sense.Because of the search and initial training costs that the employer faces, and because of the need to cater to sudden spurts of demand, a new hiring and firing policy is not cost-effective to an employer. The first reaction of employers is to keep labor, but reduce the work hours, a situation akin to holding inventories of labor in excess of demand.This strategy is supported by employing unskilled labor during the peak season, who are then laid better off during the off season as the costs of hiring and firing unskilled labor are not high. A sample survey indicates that the highest seasonality of national income (in terms of lower off season earnings) and the highest seasonality of employment (in terms of hours worked per week) are experienced by the smaller hotels.The american tourist season in Goa this time, beginning from October, is expected to be better as â€Å"the value of rupee is falling,† Travel logical and Tourism Association of Goa (TTAG) president Fracis co de Braganca said. Europeans find Goa a cheaper destination and naturally they will fly here,† he said, adding that, however, the situation is not same for the UK travellers, whose own economy is in crisis. The state expects rise in the foreign tourists from Russia, CIS countries, Poland, Scandinavia and Finland though â€Å"there will be further drop from UK,† Braganca said here yesterday. But, overall TTAG expects a rise in the number of tourists owing to the sluggish rupee versus dollar.

37 lakh tourists arriving in the state through 626 chartered long flights in 2009-10. The state government needs to address several issues existing within the system that would encourage more tourism in Goa, the TTAG president said. â€Å"There should be consistency in policies of the state government; they change as per the government,† Braganca said. Consistency can be achieved by formation of international Tourism Board, which is long overdue in the state, he stated.Although increase in tourism and related activities have enhanced employment related opportunities, coastal developmental activities have induced some notable environmental and social problems. The impact gets worsen as a result of related anthropogenic activities that follows such a coastal tourism as a result Goas coastal scenario is fast changing. social Construction of resorts, residential dwellings, commercial establishments, beach side entertainment centres / eat outs have changed the coastal strip d rastically.Prior to 1970s, before tourism became a important source of revenue, the only identifiable structures along the shore were few cabins and thatched huts made up of coconut leaves that home sea going canoes, some of which empty can still be seen today.Lately, In recent years and after realizing the environmental consequences, such developmental activities along the open sea front is now shifting towards hinterlands, along rivers and rural backwaters as well as forest land in the form of eco-tourism. -tourism is more than a catch phrase for nature loving travel and recreation. Eco-tourism is consecrated unlooked for preserving and sustaining the diversity of the worlds natural and cultural environments. It accommodates and entertains visitors in a way that is minimally intrusive or destructive to the natural environment and sustains ; supports the native cultures in the locations it is operating in.Saving the environment around you and preserving the natural luxuries and for est life, thats what eco-tourism is all about.Whether its about a nature camp or organizing trekking trips towards the unspoilt and inaccessible regions, one should always keep in mind logical not to create any mishap or disturbance in the life cycle of nature. Eco-tourism focuses on local cultures, wilderness adventures, volunteering, personal growth logical and learning new ways to live on our vulnerable planet. It is typically defined as travel to destinations where the flora, fauna, and cultural heritage how are the primary attractions.

Many professionals have been involved in formulating and developing eco-tourism policies. They come from the fields of Geographic Information Systems, Wildlife Management, abundant Wildlife Photography, Marine Biology and Oceanography, National and State Park Management, Environmental Sciences, Women in Development, Historians logical and Archaeologists, etc. Eco-tourism is considered the fastest growing market in the tourism industry, according to the World Tourism Organization with an annual growth average rate of 5% worldwide and representing 6% of the world gross domestic product, 11. % of all consumer spending – not a market to be taken lightly.The oceans how are not behind in any manner as well. The vast and deep expanse of water provide tremendous opportunity for adventure sports in form of diving and snorkelling. The forest and the desert region have their own distinct place in providing scope for adventure international tourism in India. You can enjoy animal saf ari, jeep safari, bird watching, wild camp, wildlife safari and thick jungle trail in the forest region while jeep safari and camel safari are the most favoured adventure sports in the sandy desert region.Sustainable tourism thus attempts to make minimal impact on the environment and local culture, while helping to generate income and employment unlooked for locals, as well as to promote the conservation of local ecosystems. It is responsible tourism which is both ecologically and culturally sensitive.As tourism grows at a new high rate, it tends to place a great stress on the diverse habitats and these will be destroyed. Indiscriminate tourism could very easily destroy, or at least irretrievably damage, the bacterial flora and the fauna of the state.The stake holders in sustainable tourism i. e.Community-based management, nongovernmental organizations, tourists and locals all should be trained to see that the fragile Goan ecosystem does not suffer as a result of excessive tourism. Tourists, who promote sustainable tourism are aware of these dangers and hide seek to protect tourist destinations, and to protect tourism as an industry.