Bankruptcy in Baseball - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1163 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/04/02 Category Sports Essay Level High school Tags: Baseball Essay Did you like this example? Give a general background of the company In America, there are many different organizations and franchises that people invest billions of dollars into. Many fields of entertainment are examples of these organizations. What makes people invest into these assets are the involvements and beliefs of watching something grow. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Bankruptcy in Baseball" essay for you Create order Baseball has always been an American Sport because many people in this country have learned to come together to witness the timeline of history within this sport. The Chicago Cubs started off their company in 1876 known as the Chicago White Stockings. While looking at the timeline for the Chicago Cubs History it was stated that, In 1876, the Chicago White Stockings become one of eight charter members of the National League led by their president Williams A. Hulbert, who was also the owner of the Chicago club (p. 1). The White Stockings were not identified to a certain region yet so they were known to move around when competing in baseball. During the ending of the 19th century going in into the 20th, the Cubs were able to find a home based sanctuary for baseball on the Westside of Chicago, Illinois. The Cubs has been known to be a dominant figure in the baseball for many more decades to go. They have been able to even set dominant records as they climb new heights of sportsmanship. The Cubs Timeline was able to express that on September 18, 1999: Sammy Sosa becomes first player in major league history to reach 60- homer mark in back-to-back seasons (p. 1). The Chicago Cubs History talked about the legacy that this baseball team has been able to contribute within history. Having prominent people on their team that created records and also helped them to become representations of the athletic city of Chicago. This research was able to explain, Although they were swept by the Mets, in 2016, the Cubs were even better, winning 103 games the franchises most since the 1910 squad won 104-and running away with the NL Central (Ted Keith). Pull the companys annual report from which they filed and talk about it Bankruptcy within sports can happen when too much money is owed and cant be paid. The Chicago Cubs were able to experience something like this in a great altitude because they did not control the budgets of debt that they owed. Reuters was able to talk about the bankruptcy that The Chicago Cubs were apart of just as well as the consequences that were faced because of it. It has seemed as if the cubs were expecting a bankruptcy all along. Reuters talked about the amount of money that the company owed the baseball league. It stated that Major League Baseball is listed as a creditor for an undetermined amount and the Chicago Cubs Charities are listed as owed $1.12 billion (2018). The amount of money that was owed to charity seemed to be a large sum amount so it was best that the Chicago Cubs Franchise did something about that so that the team would still be able to walk away with something. The Chicago Cubs knew that they had to find someone else to pick up the ownership role for them. In their research it was stated, as part of the agreement that received the approval of a bankruptcy court last month, Tribune will contribute the Cubs, Wrigley Field, and its stake in a sports television network to a new company(2018). Once the plan was certified the team new that it was time for a better change. The team took their bankruptcy case to maximum heights as they attempted to hand the team over. Dealbook was able to share that, The team filed in Federal Bankruptcy Court in Deleware, The Associated Press reported (2009). The file for bankruptcy was able to turn out successful because of the business men that this company have trusted. The team was handed over to a new owner so that plans of taking back the Chicago Cubs could finally start to play out. Recommendations for other companies to remain stable Some people look at bankruptcy as a means to destroy everything that is built of faith just because those people cant put up with the cost of seeing something prosper. People should understand that investments are important and how people choose to pay off debts matters just as well. There are things that sports companies must understand while they indulge into a franchise of sports and recreations. Bankruptcy is something taken serious because it could cause and end to something great and worthy of popular demand. At the same time, bankruptcy is not always a bad thing if it can help a franchise evolve into a better one. A writer by the name of Lauren Hamer with CheatSheet was able to explain that Poor management at the top and a threat of relocation can hurt a fan base severely (2018). When you are looking at things for a team you must consider the fans that helps build the dynasty just as well as the advertising sells. Understand within the MLB Dynasty that it is an American Sport. This also means much media, attention, money, and population interest has much to do with building a reputation for friends just as well as coaches, players, and even sport agents. While using the balance as research, there were key notes detailed helping people get away from bankruptcy before it was too late. It is believed that selling some assets can help start from becoming broke. This article instructed viewers to sell whatever you can spare and use the money to pay off your debts (2017). Sometimes people can get rid of certain things that they dont necessarily need so that they can bounce back into the positions that they need to be in. When it comes to the Chicago Cubs and baseball, not all marketing commercials and advertisement was needed. Some minor things that could have been done for them is taking some of those ownership rights away in order to sell it for more income within their own home grounds. This article also gave another idea as they requested that you express your willingness to pay the debt and ask if they can help ease the burden by lowering your monthly payment or decreasing your interest rate (or both) (2017). Learning to use your resources and look for help is always ways to try and stop bankruptcy. Sometimes creditors would rather help than just say no because they are intrigued with another way to still make income. In the end not all bankruptcy is bad. Filing for bankruptcy just means that much funds are owed that cant be paid. As far as the Chicago Cubs, the bankruptcy did not leave their franchise hurt because they caught this issue carefully and planned ahead so that a new owner could have a chance in helping their team. With the right agents, judges, and attorneys, the Chicago Cubs was able to start over with a chance to help redeem themselves from an official term of bankruptcy.

Assess the importance of federal government in the...

Assess the importance of federal government in advancement of African American civil rights in the period 1865-1992. Throughout this period, African American civil rights made a massive progress. Although for any progress to be made, federal government needed to implement new laws and legislations, but usually, government were not keen to act and in some cases actually made little impact on the civil rights movement. The African Americans themselves pushed the government to make changes through the leadership of the organisations set up, that led to the change in the civil rights that they eventually gained. The presidents themselves never really showed any support towards the African American civil rights movement, because many had†¦show more content†¦Supreme court, was often considered the only option for organisations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured Peoples (NAACP), however this was always a lengthy process. Although it was the most lenient of federal systems to African American civil rights and the most subject to change. Between 1937 and 1941, seven of the nine justices were changed my Roosevelt causing verdicts for blacks to begin to change. Many trials were carried out in this period that actually allowed African Americans to make advances with civil rights like the Linda Brown case of 1954, which ended segregation in schools. The final federal authority, Congress, showed the least amount of support for the advancement in African American civil rights. It was normally run by Southern Democrat majorities that were unmoved by any pressure for change in laws. And although presidents such as Kennedy and Roosevelt were in favour of equal civil rights for blacks, they were often preoccupied with other matters to force congress to pass any legislations, who were always very much against change. However it has to be considered, that the African Americans and the organisations themselves were more important in the advancement of blacks gaining their civil rights. The African Americans, always seemed to have a strong leader, all the way back to Booker. T Washington, who was one of the first people to lead the blacks in their civil rights movement in 1865. ItShow MoreRelatedThe Segregation Of African American Community1720 Words   |  7 Pagespassing since the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans in Southern States were still faced with the most distinct forms of racism. The so-called â€Å"Jim Crow† laws that were present in United States at the time, served to segregate blacks and whites from all aspects of public life, including schools, public transport and juries. Often faced with extreme right-wing terrorist groups such as the white supremacist Klu Klux Klan, many among the African American community chose to live in a society ofRead MoreBoyer Dbq Teacher Guide10764 Words   |  44 Pagesâ€Å"eastern seaboard of North America.† While the question focuses on colonies established prior to 1660, the documents refer to some things that happened later and a student could reasonably include information on events that happened after that date to assess the success of the colonizing efforts. Students should be somewhat skilled at writing standard essays before attempting to answer DBQs. If your students have not mastered the expository essay form, you may want to try a simpler activity that willRead MoreGlobal Marketing Summary Chapter 5-106416 Words   |  26 Pagesparties, and organizations that rulers and people use to wield power †¢ Each nation’s political culture reflects the importance of the government and legal system. †¢ Issues for foreign investors include the governing party’s view on sovereignty, political risk, taxes, equity dilution, and expropriation. Political Risk †¢ Risk of change in political environment or government policy that would adversely affect a company’s ability to operate effectively and profitably †¢ Some examplesRead MoreStaffing: Human Resource Management and Employees Essay4914 Words   |  20 Pagesneeds people with the right skills, knowledge, and abilities to fill in that structure. People are an organizations most important resource, because people either create or undermine an organizations reputation for quality in both products and service. In addition, an organization must respond to change effectively in order to remain competitive. The right staff can carry an organization through a period of change and ensure its future success. Because of the importance of hiring and maintainingRead Morediversity as strategy7058 Words   |  29 PagesCORPORATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. by David A. Thomas When most of us think of Lou Gerstner and the turnaround of IBM, we see a great business story. A less-told but integral part of that success is a people story—one that has dramatically altered the composition of an already diverse corporation and created millions of dollars in new business. By the time Gerstner took the helm in 1993, IBM already had a long history of progressive management when it came to civil rights and equal employmentRead MoreEssay on Racial Profiling11241 Words   |  45 Pagescorrespondence to Patricia Y. Warren at 634 West Call Street, College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32301 (e-mail: pwarren@fsu.edu). CRIMINOLOGY Public Policy Volume 8 Issue 2 Copyright 2009 American Society of Criminology 343 \\server05\productn\C\CPP\8-2\CPP204.txt 344 unknown Seq: 2 5-JUN-09 8:30 Warren and Tomaskovic-Devey Policy Implications The results of this study suggest several important policy recommendationsRead MoreUnited Arab of Emirates Country Notebook18844 Words   |  76 Pages Cultural Analysis: Identification of the Emirates History: The United Arab Emirates (UAE) consists of the seven emirates, which are: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ras Al-Khaimah, Ajman, Umm Al-Qaiwain, and Fujairah. They were united as a federal state on 2 December 1971 and formed the so called â€Å"United Arab Emirates†. Before the discovery of oil and establishment of the oil economy in the early 1960s, two main orientations shaped traditional local culture: the nomadic desert-oriented BedouinsRead MoreUnited Arab of Emirates Country Notebook18844 Words   |  76 Pages Cultural Analysis: Identification of the Emirates History: The United Arab Emirates (UAE) consists of the seven emirates, which are: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ras Al-Khaimah, Ajman, Umm Al-Qaiwain, and Fujairah. They were united as a federal state on 2 December 1971 and formed the so called â€Å"United Arab Emirates†. Before the discovery of oil and establishment of the oil economy in the early 1960s, two main orientations shaped traditional local culture: the nomadic desert-oriented BedouinsRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 PagesINTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT: CULTURE, STRATEGY, AND BEHAVIOR, EIGHTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright  © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions  © 2009, 2006, and 2003. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior w ritten consent of The McGraw-Hill CompaniesRead MoreModern History.Hsc.2012 Essay25799 Words   |  104 Pagesthe purchase of shares, but was also an unstable market, as the government had no control over what it did and was left up to the private sector almost to run the market. Entry of the United States world war 1 Non-Intervention - The United States originally pursued a policy of non-intervention, avoiding conflict while trying to broker a peace. - When a German U-boat sank the British liner Lusitania in 1915, with 128 Americans aboard, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson vowed, America is too proud

Macbeth Essay Paper Example For Students

Macbeth Essay Paper Historical MacBeth compared to Shakespeares MacBeth Although most of Shakespeares play MacBeth is not historicallyaccurate,MacBeths life is the subject of the tragedy. There are charactersand eventsthat are based on true events and real persons but, ShakespearesMacBeth differs significantly from historys MacBeth. The first example of a differencebetween the Shakespeare MacBeth andhistorical MacBeth is the death of DuncanI. In Shakespeares MacBeth ,Duncan I was murdered by MacBeth. A prophecysaid to MacBeth by one of thethree witches All hail, MacBeth, that shaltbe King hereafter1 . was whatprompted Gruoch, MacBeths wife to plot themurder of Duncan I as he sleptin their castle. In history, MacBeth establishedhimself as the King ofScots after killing his cousin Duncan I, in battle nearElgin not as inShakespeares play by killing him in his sleep. Duncan I waskilled on August14, 1040. MacBeth then reigned as king for seventeen years. If the witches hadn’t told Macbeth their prophecy, I do not believe that he would have ever had the thought to be king. There would have been no story. Nothing else would have stirred in him the desire to be king. There is no plot if Macbeth does not plan to kill Duncan in his pursuit of the throneBibliography:

Paul Signac Biography Essay Example

Paul Signac Biography Essay Paul Signac was a French postimpressionist painter who was born in Paris and was one of the originators of the technique known as pointillism.In 1884 Signac began associating with French painter Georges Seurat, and by his influence Signac abandoned painting with short brushstrokes and started experimenting with scientifically arranged dots of pure color.His fame led him to meet with many different Paul Signac was born in 1863Â  and began to paint in 1880.He attended the Academy of Bing in 1883 and became interested in Monets style.In 1884 he was a co-founder of the Independents and became friendly with Seurat.Together they invented a new technique for painting known as pointillism.Pointillism is a late 19th-century method of painting, consisting of depositing small dots or strokes of pure color on the canvas.Seen from a distance, these points blend and give the effect of a different color and heightened luminosity.The style was a development of Signacs association with Seurat conv inced him to drop the paintbrush with the short brushstrokes and to pick up pointillism.Seurat influenced Signac to abandon the short brushstrokes.He urged him to start painting with scientifically juxtaposed dots of pure color pigment to create a larger overall effect of the work on the consumer.With Seurats help and influence, the two went on to create pointillism. Paul Signacs work was becoming popular among the better artists of the time, and caused him to have many influential acquaintances.In 1887 he went with Seurat to Brussels and for thefirst time visited the Mediterranean.In 1888 he exhibited for thefirst time with Les XX in Brussels.In 1889 he visited van Gogh at Arles.In 1890 he made thefirst visit to Italy and became thefirst member of Les XX.He visited Holland

Free Essays on The Achievements of Public Education

The Achievements of Public Education Since the early 1980’s, the issue of America’s flattering public school system has become a serious concern. The crisis in K-12 education is one of the biggest challenges facing the nation. If America’s Public Schools are to meet the needs of the twenty first century, they must be reinvented. It is not enough to try to fix the schools; they must be reconstructed in both fundamental and radical ways. The school system must be reconstructed. The future of the American public school system is significant because the maintenance of an informed and productive community is vital to the future of this country. The pitifully low results of American students through international test scores are one obvious fault. Another is the failure of many students to demonstrate their knowledge of basic skills and literacy. It is surprising that such a long time has passed without any sufficient effort put forth to correct the problem. Even more surprising, is the fact t hat some deny that such a problem exists. There is a great deal of evidence to show this problem. For more than a century, America’s public schools have been an essential source of the country’s strength. Public education has allowed citizens to become productive members of society by providing them with skills and knowledge necessary for the labor force. Schools prepare students to be literate, informed and reasoning citizens. According to Philip Schlechty, author of Schools for the twenty-first century, â€Å"Public schools are the ties that bind this pluralistic society into a nation. Our Nation’s thirty-sixth president, Lyndon B. Johnson, also believed that there is no institution more fundamental to American society and democracy than its public schools (Schlechty).† In the competitive knowledge based world of the twenty-first century, the education of America’s youth will be more important than ever. More... Free Essays on The Achievements of Public Education Free Essays on The Achievements of Public Education The Achievements of Public Education Since the early 1980’s, the issue of America’s flattering public school system has become a serious concern. The crisis in K-12 education is one of the biggest challenges facing the nation. If America’s Public Schools are to meet the needs of the twenty first century, they must be reinvented. It is not enough to try to fix the schools; they must be reconstructed in both fundamental and radical ways. The school system must be reconstructed. The future of the American public school system is significant because the maintenance of an informed and productive community is vital to the future of this country. The pitifully low results of American students through international test scores are one obvious fault. Another is the failure of many students to demonstrate their knowledge of basic skills and literacy. It is surprising that such a long time has passed without any sufficient effort put forth to correct the problem. Even more surprising, is the fact that some deny that such a problem exists. There is a great deal of evidence to show this problem. For more than a century, America’s public schools have been an essential source of the country’s strength. Public education has allowed citizens to become productive members of society by providing them with skills and knowledge necessary for the labor force. Schools prepare students to be literate, informed and reasoning citizens. According to Philip Schlechty, author of Schools for the twenty-first century, â€Å"Public schools are the ties that bind this pluralistic society into a nation. Our Nation’s thirty-sixth president, Lyndon B. Johnson, also believed that there is no institution more fundamental to American society and democracy than its public schools (Schlechty).† In the competitive knowledge based world of the twenty-first century, the education of America’s youth will be more important than ever. More...

Sending Children by Parcel Post

Sending Children by Parcel Post Its never easy traveling with children and often it can be expensive. In the early 1900s, some people decided cut costs by mailing their children via parcel post. Sending packages via the U.S. Parcel Post Service began on January 1, 1913. Regulations stated that packages could not weigh more than 50 pounds but did not necessarily preclude the sending of children. On February 19, 1914, the parents of four-year-old May Pierstorff mailed her from Grangeville, Idaho to her grandparents in Lewiston, Idaho. Mailing May apparently was cheaper than buying her a train ticket. The little girl wore her 53-cents worth of postal stamps on her jacket as she traveled in the trains mail compartment. After hearing of examples such as May, the Postmaster General issued a regulation against sending children by mail. This picture was meant as a humorous image to the end of such practice. (Picture courtesy of the Smithsonian Institute.)

Code of ethics Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Code of ethics - Movie Review Example The movie outlines some important evidence as to how Modern Corporation is becoming a dominating influence in the society. It is increasingly becoming more influential not only in the decision making process of the government but also controlling other resources. As a result of this trend, the public may not be able to enjoy or entitle to goods and services which are the basic duties of a State to provide for. The encroachment of corporations into the domains of government therefore considered as one of the key ethical areas of concerns from public policy perspectives. Though the point of view of modern corporations has also been depicted in the movie however, this movie has been successful in highlighting important ethical and non-ethical issues. These issues include control over free resources, the role of government in providing free services as well as the replacement of the conventional power of Church, Government as well as Monarchs by the modern

The advertising of condoms Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

The advertising of condoms - Term Paper Example Condom and pills are equally popular as methods of contraception as per data collected by the Office for National Statistics (Daily Mail, 2009). This was the outcome of a  £5.2 million campaign by the Department of Health conducted with the view of getting more women to carry condoms. Even in developing countries like Thailand condoms are 90% effective in preventing HIV transmission (Hearst & Chen, 2004). However, in countries such as Botswana and Cameroon the sale of condom rose but so did the incidences of HJIV transmission, thereby suggesting that condom use does not reduce HIV and AIDS transmission. No details were available of who used the condoms. Thus condom use might be high among the general public and low among those in high risk. Again, inconsistent use leads to higher risk of HIV transmission. Condom promotion can be successful among commercial sex workers although promoting its use to the general public is difficult. Several condom-promoting strategies have been employed such as free distribution among sex workers and lowering prices but the most successful strategy has been social marketing. In Uganda use of condom was very low until social marketing began in 1990s. The developed and the developing countries had the same response to the promotion of condoms – it would encourage sexual activity with condoms rather than encourage abstinence. This attitude affects advertisement design in this sector. 2. Social marketing Social marketing uses the four marketing Ps – product, price, placement and position – as is used for generic products. For a global strategy of the control of HIV social marketing of condoms has been adopted as the key element (Cohen, Farley, Bedimo-Etame & Scribner, 1999 ). In the US when condom was freely distributed and readily visible and accessible through health care facilities, the use of condoms increased particularly among those at a high risk of HIV and STIs. Condom social marketing in the US was found to be feasible, acceptable and a promising intervention that aided in reducing the number of incidences in STDs. There was relatively small opposition to the program from groups that were traditionally opposed to condoms. Social marketing for condoms is used both for HIV prevention and family planning. Selling condoms falls under social marketing which is not about coercion or inducement. The social marketers try to induce change by applying the principal of exchange (Stead, Gordon, Angus, & McDermott, 2007). It recognizes that the change must bring clear benefit to the customer. Social marketing also involves stages such as targeting, positioning and formulating the marketing mix as generic marketing. Social marketing is concerned with welfa re of the society and is not meant for the benefit of the organization. This is the essence of social marketing. Social marketing has also been defined as the systematic application of marketing concepts and techniques to achieve specific behaviour goals (Lefebvre, 2011). In developed countries social marketing takes the route of persuasive communications for

Story of mankind Essay Example for Free

Story of mankind Essay Siddhartha is the story of mankind; the continuous search for knowledge and the understanding that what people know, no matter how old, experienced, and knowledgeable they might be, is smaller than what there is to discover and is insufficient to reach the complete comprehension and satisfaction that are, according to the main character of the story, obtainable. In the beginning of his life, and of his journey, he is the son of a Brahmin; a wealthy man who wanted his son to have the best knowledge about everything of life. This fact is evident when we see Siddhartha absorbing all the knowledge that was being passed to him from his teacher and that he was able to discuss the deepest and most important of subjects with the elders; those whom were considered to be the most knowledgeable. â€Å"Joy leapt in his father’s heart for his son who was quick to learn, thirsty for knowledge; he saw him growing up to become a great wise man and priest, a prince among the Brahmans† (Archie, Baggett, Poston, and G. Archie, 2). Siddhartha realizes that his need to know is much higher than anything else; he understood that staying in his village, living the same life as others, would not make him comprehend the essence of life and the meaning of everything. â€Å"Siddhartha, was not a source of joy for himself, he found no delight in himself† (Archie, et al. , 3). He felt that his soul would not be in peace if he would not take the right step in the pursuit of knowledge: To become a Samana. What he was aiming at was to be able to free himself from all human weaknesses, such as thirsts, sorrows, pleasures and desires. But even after learning from the Samanas, he found that he was still empty; he needed more than what they offered. He did not want to hear about the various experiences of life, and about the great things to comprehend, he needed to pass through all the experiences himself and to be a part of everything that is there to know and understand. This was the main reason why he decided to take the next step: The step of setting out on a journey, and to become a Saman himself. Meeting Gotama, the Buddha, and learning from him was not enough for Siddhartha, he wanted even more than that, he wanted to reach the absolute knowledge about one’s self, about one’s soul, and about the whole meaning of everything. In this stage, he discovered one of the most significant facts about himself: â€Å"That I know nothing about myself, that Siddhartha has remained thus alien and unknown to me, stems from one cause, a single cause: I was afraid of myself, I was fleeing from myself† (Archie, et al., 36). He left his companion, Govinda, with Gotama, and continued on his journey by himself. The story he lived afterwards with a woman (Kamala) whom he thought that he loved was another step. He became a merchant and started to love money, but then he realized that money, love and the various pleasures he was having were not what he wanted in life. He began, once again, to realize that this is not what made him set on that journey, and that even though he possessed many material things, he really had nothing. From there, he decided to go back to the river, to become a ferryman as he was when he learned everything from Vasuedeva about the river and about the roads and meanings of each step in that direction. He left everything and started again hoping to find the truth and hoping to reach his original objective, which was lost in the midst of pleasures and money. All the previous experiences led him to think of taking his life, but then the sacred word ‘Om’ saved him and put him back in the right path. And with the help of Govinda, he understood what he wanted; he went back, found a wife, and made a family. His son, shortly after his death, set on a journey to find knowledge and to reach the truth. Who is Siddhartha? He is every one of us from the beginning of time. He is every man and woman that walked the earth. He represents all the questions and doubts and suspicions that each individual has about life; his/her life, and the lives of everyone else. He stands for life itself, with its pleasures, pains, and happy moments. He was a Brahmin’s son, a student, a rebel, a Samana, a merchant, and a ferryman, but in the same time, he was none of them and all of them. Because he is the symbol of every living experience that anyone of us can have in his/her life. Siddhartha was simply a human being. Works Cited Archie, L. , Baggett, J. , Poston, B. , and Archie, J. (Eds. ). (2004). Hermann Hesse’s Siddhartha. Retrieved October 03, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://philosophy.lander.edu/oriental/siddhartha.pdf

SHAYS’S REBELLION AND THE U.S. CONSTITUTION Essay -- Essays Papers

SHAYS’S REBELLION AND THE U.S. CONSTITUTION Introduction Although not widely known, Shays’s Rebellion greatly impacted the debate on sovereignty and led many to conclude that the only possible solution was the centralization of power in a national authority. Historian John Garraty notes, â€Å"The lessons became plain: Liberty must not become an excuse for license; and therefore greater authority must be vested in the central government.†[1] While this effect was not the â€Å"rebels’† intended goal, Shays’s Rebellion helped shape the construction of the U.S. Constitution and the American political thought that has since followed. An analysis of both the causes and effects of Shays’s Rebellion highlights its contribution to the demise of the Articles of Confederation and the ratification of the Constitution. What was Shays’s Rebellion? In the winter of 1786-1787, many farmers protesting the foreclosure of their farms took up arms and stormed county courthouses across Massachusetts. All over New England, there existed a growing frustration with the American postwar situation under the Articles of Confederation. Massachusetts farmers’ disconnection from the Boston government rendered the situation more volatile than anywhere else. â€Å"Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Vermont instituted harsh laws to stem the growth of insurrection. But inland Massachusetts was so heavily agrarian that the rebellion gathered steam.†[2] Backcountry farmers banded together in mobs of up to one thousand men and marched to different cities, rioting in front of prominent shops and courthouses in order to make their frustrations heard. The rebellion is named after Daniel Shays, a former officer in the Contine... ...94 [15] Szatmary 103 [16] Kenney [17] Marion L. Starkey, A Little Rebellion (New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc., 1955), xiv. [18] Richards 67 [19] Richard D. Brown, â€Å"Shays’s Rebellion and Its Aftermath: A View from Springfield, Massachusetts, 1787,† The William and Mary Quarterly 40, no. 4 (1983), 598-615. [20] Harper’s Monthly Magazine 660 [21] Harper’s Monthly Magazine 661 [22] Starkey 235 [23] Houston Chronicle, â€Å"Side by side memorials tell both sides of 1787 Shays Rebellion,† 6 February, 1987, 8. [24] Kenney [25] Robert A. Feer, â€Å"Shays’s Rebellion and the Constitution: A Study in Causation,† The New England Quarterly 42, no. 3 (1969), 388-410. [26] Szatmary 123 [27] Houston Chronicle [28] Starkey 242 [29] Jackson [30] Jonathan Clark, â€Å"The tree of liberty refreshed,† The Times, 28 November 1996, 1.

Training Report on Autocad

CONTENTS ?Introduction to AutoCAD ?GUI of AutoCAD ?Commands in AutoCAD ?Layers ?Viewports ?Exercises †¢Sample – 1 †¢Sample – 2 †¢Sample – 3 †¢Sample – 4 †¢Sample – 5 ?3D in AutoCAD ?3D commands ?3D Exercises †¢Sample – 1 †¢Sample – 2 AutoCAD AutoCAD, developed by Autodesk Inc. , is the most popular PC – CAD system available in the market. This design package is a general purpose computer aided design and drafting application for your computer. The speed and ease with which a drawing can be prepared and modified using a computer offer a phenomenal advantage over hand preparation.Here I’m going to mention a few of the applications for which AutoCAD is being used today:- †¢Architectural drawings of all kinds. †¢Interior designs on facility planning. †¢Drawings for Electronics, Chemical, Civil, Mechanical, Automotives and Aerospace engineering applications. †¢Theatre set lighting designs. †¢Line drawing for the Fine Arts, Textiles, Fashion and Dress designing. Some other CAD packages developed by the same company are:- †¢Auto Shade †¢Auto Flix †¢Auto Ketch †¢Animator †¢3D Studio AutoCAD ScreenVarious components of the initial AutoCAD screen are drawing area, command window, menu bar, several toolbars, model and layouts, and the status bar (Fig. 1). A title bar that has AutoCAD symbol and the current drawing name is displayed on top of the screen. Figure 1 AutoCAD Screen ? SCREEN COMPONENTS Drawing Area The drawing area covers the major portion of the screen. Here we can draw the objects and use the commands. To draw the objects, we need to define the coordinate points, which can be selected by using our pointing device Command Window Figure 2 Command WindowThe command window at the bottom of the drawing area has the command prompt where we can enter the commands. It also displays the subsequent prompt sequences and the messages. We can change the size of the window by placing the cursor on the top edge and then dragging it Application Status Bar Figure 3 Application Status Bar The Status Bar is displayed at the bottom of the screen (Fig. 3). It contains some useful information and buttons that will make it easy to change the status of some AutoCAD functions. We can toggle between on and off states of most of these functions by choosing them. Coordinates The coordinates information is displayed on the left corner of the Status Bar. We can select this coordinate button to toggle between on and off states. If the COORDS system variable controls the type of display of coordinates. ?Snap Mode The snap mode allows you to move the cursor in fixed increments. If snap mode is on, the Snap Mode button is chosen in the Status Bar; otherwise it is not displayed. ?Grid Display The grid lines are used as a reference lines to draw objects in AutoCAD. If the Grid Display button is chosen, the grid lines are displ ayed on the screen. Ortho Mode If the Ortho Mode button is chosen in the Status Bar, we can draw lines at right angles only. ?Polar Tracking If we turn the polar tracking on, the movement of cursor is restricted along a path based on set as the polar angle settings. Choosing the Polar Tracking button in the Status Bar turns it on. Remember that turning the polar tracking on, automatically turns off the ortho mode. ? ?Object Snap When the Object Snap button is chosen in the Status Bar, we can use the running object snaps to snap a point. ?Allow/Disallow Dynamic UCSChoosing the button allows or disallows the use of dynamic UCS. Allowing the dynamic UCS ensures that the XY plane of the UCS got dynamically aligned with the selected face of the model. ?Dynamic Input The Dynamic input button is used to turn the Dynamic Input on or off. Turning it on facilitates the heads-up design approach because all commands, prompts and the dimensional inputs will now be displayed in the drawing area a nd we do not need to look at the command prompt all the time. This saves the design time and also increases the efficiency of the user. ?Show/Hide LineweightChoosing this button in the Status Bar allows you to turn on or off the display of lineweights in the drawing. ?Model The Model button is chosen by default because you are working in the model space to create drawings. ?Annotation Scale The annotation scale controls the size and display of the annotative objects in the model space. The Annotation Scale button has a drop-down list that displays all the annotation scales available for the current drawing. ?Annotation Visibility This button is used to control the visibility of the annotative objects that do not support the current annotation scale in drawing area. Automatically Add Scale This button, if chosen, automatically adds all the annotation scales that are set current to all the annotative objects present in the drawing. ?Quick Properties If you select a sketched entity whe n this button is chosen in the Status Bar, the properties of selected entity will be displayed in a panel. ? COMMANDS LINE Line command is used to draw a continuing series of line segments, but each line segment is a separate object. We can invoke the LINE command from the Draw toolbar, as shown in fig. 4 Figure 4 Draw ToolbarWe can also invoke the LINE command by entering LINE or L at the command prompt. Once you have invoked the LINE command, the next prompt, the Specify first point, requires us to specify the starting point. After first point is selected, AutoCAD will prompt you to enter the second point at the Specify next point prompt. At this point we may continue to select points or terminate the LINE command by pressing ENTER, ESC, or the SPACEBAR. The prompt sequence of invoking LINE command is as follows: Command: LINE > Enter Specify first point: Move the cursor (mouse) and left click to specify the first point.Specify next point or [Undo]: Move the cursor and left click to specify the second point. Specify next point or [Undo]: Specify the third point. Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: Enter. (Press ENTER to exit LINE command. ) XLINE The XLINE command can be used to draw construction or projection lines. These lines are the lines that aid in construction or projection and are drawn very lightly, when manually drafting. An xline (construction line) is a 3D line that extends to infinity at both ends. As the line is infinite in length, it does not have any end points.The prompt sequence of invoking the XLINE command is as follows: Command: XLINE > Enter Specify a point or [Hor/Ver/Ang/Bsect/Offset]: Specify an option or select a point through which the xline will pass. PLINE The PLINE command is used to draw a polyline. A polyline is a line that has different features. The term POLYLINE can be broken into two parts: POLY and LINE. POLY means â€Å"many†. This signifies that a poly line can have many lines. Some features of polylines are list ed next. Polylines can be thick lines with a desired width. They are very flexible and can be used to draw any shape, such as a filled circle or a doughnut.Polylines can be used to draw objects in any line type. Advanced editing commands can be used to edit them (for example, the PEDIT command). The command prompt for invoking the PLINE command is as follows: Command: PLINE < Enter Specify start point: Specify the starting point or enter its coordinates. Current line width is nn. nnn Current line width is nn. nnn is displayed automatically, which indicates the width of the polyline drawn. If we need a different width, invoke the Width option at the next prompt and set it. Next the following prompt is displayed.Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Specify next point or enter an option. POLYGON A regular polygon is a closed geometric figure with equal sides. The number of side varies from 3 to 1024. For example, a triangle is a three sided polygon and a pentagon is a five sided polygon. In AutoCAD, the POLYGON command is used to draw regular 2D polygons. A polygon is said to be inscribed when it is drawn inside an imaginary circle and its vertices touch the circle. Likewise, a polygon is circumscribed when it is drawn outside imaginary circle and sides of polygon are tangent to circle.We can easily choose one option from these two available options during the invoking process. The prompt sequence of invoking POLYGON command is given next. Command: POLYGON < Enter Enter number of sides : Enter a value between 3 and 1024. Specify center of polygon: Specify the center point or enter its coordinates. Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle]: Enter I or C. Specify radius of circle: Specify the radius of circle, which will inscribe or circumscribe the polygon. RECTANG The RECTANG command is used to draw rectangles in AutoCAD.We can draw rectangles by specifying two opposite corners of the rectangle, by specifying the area an d the size of one of the sides, or by specifying the dimensions of rectangles. The prompt sequence of invoking RECTANG command is as follows: Command: RECTANG < Enter Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: Specify first corner point or enter its coordinates. Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: Specify opposite corner point or enter its coordinates. ARC An arc is defined as a part of a circle. In AutoCAD, it can be drawn using the ARC command.AutoCAD provides eleven different options to draw an arc. To view these options, click on Draw option in the Menu Bar, a flyout option will appear as shown in fig. 5 Figure 5 Options in Menu Bar for Creating an Arc The default setting is for creating a three point arc. The command prompt for invoking ARC command is as follows: Command: ARC < Enter Specify start point of arc or [Center]: Specify first point of arc or enter its coordinates. Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: Specif y the through point for arc or enter its coordinates. Specify the end point of arc: Specify the end point or enter its coordinates.CIRCLE The CIRCLE command is used to draw circles. AutoCAD provides six different options to draw a circle. To view and choose from the available options, click on Draw option in the Menu Bar, a flyout will appear as shown in fig. 6 Figure 6 Options in Menu Bar for creating a Circle The default setting is for creating a circle with Center and Radius option. The other options can be invoked by entering the appropriate letter in the command window or by the method stated earlier. The prompt sequence for invoking CIRCLE command is stated next. Command: CIRCLE < EnterSpecify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: Specify center point or enter its coordinates. Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]: Enter the required value of radius. ELLIPSE If a circle is observed from an angle, the shape is called an ellipse, which can be created in AutoC AD using the ELLIPSE command. An ellipse can be created by two different options and these options are grouped together in the Draw option of the Menu Bar as shown in fig. 7 Figure 7 Options in Menu Bar for creating an Ellipse The default setting is for creating an ellipse with Axis and End point option.The Other options can be invoked by entering the appropriate letter in the command window or by method stated above. The prompt sequence for invoking ELLIPSE command is stated next. Command: ELLIPSE < Enter Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: Enter coordinates of axis end point or choose an option. Specify other endpoint of axis: Specify other end point or enter its coordinates. Specify distance to the other axis or [rotation]: Specify the half length of second axis. ERASE After drawing some objects, you may need to erase some of them from the screen. To erase, we can use ERASE command in AutoCAD.This command is used exactly the same way as an eraser is used in manual d rafting to delete unwanted information. We can invoke ERASE command from the Modify toolbar Figure 8 Modify Toolbar When we invoke the ERASE command, a small box, known as pick box, replaces the screen cursor. To erase an object, move the pick box so that it touches the object. Select the object. AutoCAD confirms the selection by changing the selected objects into dashed lines and the select objects prompt returns again. We can continue selecting objects or press ENTER to terminate object selection and erase the selected objects.The prompt sequence is given next. Command: ERASE < Enter Select objects: Select first object. Select objects: Select second object. Select objects: Enter COPY The COPY command is used to copy an existing object. This command makes copies of the selected objects and places them at specified locations, but the orignals are left intact. In this command we need to select the objects and specify the base point. Next we need to specify the second point, this poin t is where we want the copied objects to be placed. The prompt sequence that is followed when you invoke COPY command is given next.Command: COPY < Enter Select objects: Select objects to copy. Select objects: Enter Specify base point or [Displacement/mOde] : Specify base point. Specify second point or : Specify a new position on the screen using pointing device or entering coordinates. Specify second point or [Exit/Undo] : Enter MIRROR The MIRROR command creates a mirror copy of the selected objects. The objects can be mirrored at any angle. This command is helpful in drawing symmetrical figures. This command is available in Modify toolbar but it can be invoked by using command window as well.When we invoke this command, AutoCAD prompts us to select the objects and then the mirror line. After we select the objects to be mirrored, AutoCAD prompts you to enter the first point of mirror line and the second point of mirror line. A mirror line is an imaginary line about which objects ar e reflected. We can specify the end point of mirror line by specifying points on screen or by entering their coordinates. The mirror line can be selected at any angle. The prompt sequence of invoking MIRROR command is given next. Command: MIRROR < Enter Select objects: Select objects to be mirrored. Select objects: EnterSpecify first point of mirror line: Specify the first endpoint. Specify second point of mirror line: Specify the second endpoint. Delete source objects? [Yes/No] : Enter Y for deletion, N for retaining the objects. OFFSET To draw parallel lines, concentric circles, arcs, curves, and so on, we can use the OFFSET command. This command creates another object that is similar to the selected one. Remember that we are allowed to select only one entity at a time to be offset. While offsetting an object, we can specify the offset distance and the side to offset, or we can specify a distance through which you want to offset the selected object.The prompt sequence which follow s when we invoke OFFSET command using command window is given next. Command: OFFSET < Enter Specify offset distance or [Through/Erase/Layer] : Specify the offset distance. { Through Option Using this option we do not need to specify a distance; we simply specify an offset point and the distance between them is stored as offset distance. Erase Option The Erase option is used to specify whether the source object has to be deleted or not. Layer Option Use the Layer option to specify whether the offset entity will be placed in the current layer or the layer of source object. Specify the object to offset or [Exit/Undo] : Specify the object to offset. Specify point on side to offset or : Specify a point on side to offset. Select object to offset or [Exit/Undo] : Select another object to offset or press Enter. ARRAY An array is defined as the method of creating multiple copies of the selected object and arranging them in a rectangular or circular fashion. In some drawings, we may need to s pecify an object multiple times in a rectangular or circular arrangement. For example, suppose you have to draw six chairs around a table.This job can be accomplished by drawing each chair seperately or by using the COPY command tomake multiple copies of the chair. But it is a very tedious process and also the alignment of the chairs will have to be adjusted. Using ARRAY command, all we need to do is create just one chair and the remaining five will be created and automatically arranged around the table by the ARRAY command. This method is more efficient and less time-consuming. ARRAY command can be invoked by different methods such as from Modify toolbar, or by making use of the Command Window, or from the Modify option of Menu Bar.RECTANGULAR ARRAY A rectangular array is formed by making copies of the selected object along the X and Y directions of an imaginary rectangle (along rows and columns). It can be created by selecting the Rectangular Array button in the array dialog box ( fig. 9) that appears on invoking ARRAY comand. ROWS This edit box is used to specify the number of rows in rectangular array. COLUMNS This edit box is used to specify the number of columns in the rectangular array. Figure 9 Rectangular Array option in Array dialog box Offset distance and direction AreaThe options under this area are used to define the distance between the rows and the columns and the angle of array. Row Offset. This edit box is used to specify the distance between the rows. We can either enter the distance value in this edit box or choose the Pick Row Offset button to define the row offset distance by specifying two points on screen. Column Offset. This edit box is used to specify the distance between the columns. We can either enter the distance value in this edit box or choose the Pick Column Offset button to define the column offset distance by specifying two points on screen.Angle of Arrray. This edit box is used to define the angle of array. This is the value b y which the rows and columns will be rotated. POLAR ARRAY A polar array is an arrangement of the objects around a point in a circular fashion. This kind of array is created by selecting the Polar Array button in the Array dialog box (fig. 10) that appears on invoking ARRAY command. Figure 10 Polar Array option in Arrray dialog box CENTER POINT The center point of the array is defined as the point around which the selected items will be arranged.It is defined as the center point of the imaginary circle on whose circumference the items will be placed. The coordinates of the center of array can be specified in the X and Y edit boxes. We can either enter the values in these edit boxes or select the center point of array from the screen using Pick Center Point button. Method and values Area The options under this area are used to set the parameters related to the method that will be employed to create the polar array. Method. This drop-down list provides us three methods for creating the polar array. These three methods are discussed next. Total number of items & Angle to fill.This method is used to create a polar array specifying number of items in array an the total included angle between the first and the last item. The number of items and the angle to be filled can be specified in the Total number of items and Angle to fill edit boxes respectively. We can also specify the angle to fill on screen by choosing Angle to fill button provided. Total number of items & Angle between items. This method is used when we want to create a polar array by specifying the total number of items in the array and the included angle between two adjacent items. The angle between items is also called as incremental angle.The number items and the angle between the items can be specified in the Total number of items and Angle between items edit boxes,respectively. We can also specify theangle between items on the screen by choosing Angle between items button. Angle to fill & Angle betw een items. This method is used when we want to specifyangle between the items and total angle to fill. In this case the number of items is not specified, but is automatically calculated using the total angle and angle between the items. The angle to fill and the angle between the items can be entered in their respective boxes. MOVESometimes the objects are not located where they should actually be. In these situations, we can use the MOVE command. This command allows you to move one or more objects from their current location to a new location. This change of location of the objects does not change their size or orientation. On invoking this command we are prompted to select objects to be moved and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be picked and moved. ? ROTATE Sometimes we requires an object or any sketch in angular position. the. In these situations, we can use the ROTATE command.This command allows you to rotate one or more objects from their current location to a specific angle. This change of of the objects does not change their size. On invoking this command we are prompted to select objects to be rotated and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be rotated. SCALE With the use of this command, we can increase or decrease the size of any object or a sketch. Sometimes we requires an object in numbers, only with the difference of sizes. So in this situation, we can use the SCALE command. This command allows you to scale one or more objects from the selected base point.On invoking this command we are prompted to select objects to be scaled and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be scaled. STRETCH With the use of this command, we can increase or decrease the size of some selected part of any object in a specific direction. In this command, the sketch is stretched as much we required. Sometimes we requires an object in numb ers, only with the difference of sizes some part of the sketched object. So in this situation, we can use the STRETCH command. This command allows you to stretch the objects from the selected base point.On invoking this command we are prompted to select the portion to be scaled with the help of green window and the base point. This base point is the reference point with which the object will be stretched. TRIM With the use of this command, we can remove the line or any sketched entity. In this command, the sketch is trimmed as much we required. It removes the extra drawn line or sketch as per our specific requirement. This command allows you to trim the objects from the selected side. On invoking this command, we have to right click in the drawing area and we are prompted to left click on the portion to be trimmed.EXTEND With the use of this command, we can increase the line the line upto the specific point or location. In this command, the sketch is extended as much we required. It removes the extra drawn line or sketch as per our specific requirement. On invoking this command, we have to right click in the drawing area and we are prompted to left click on the portion to be extend. BREAK AT A POINT With the use of this command, we can break the line at a point where we required. In this command, the sketch is broken from that point where we required. We can create the number of break points as much we required.On invoking this command, we have to select the line and after that click on that point from where we want to break the selected line, after using this command the line or any selected entity will be converted into numbers. BREAK With the use of this command, we can break the line with a specific distance or upto a specific point as much we required. On invoking this command, we have to select the point on the line and after that click on that point upto where we want to break the line. After using this command on the line or any selected entity, there will be space between the slelected points in the line or entity.JOIN With the use of this command, we can join the line drawn or placed in the same plane. On invoking this command, we have to select the first line and after that second line placed at the same plane and then right click. After using this command , there will be no space between the lines or entities. CHAMFER This command is used for removing the sharp corners. On invoking this command, we have to press A then ENTER, after that fill the distance and then ENTER, then fill the value of ANGLE and ENTER, after that select the line on which we want to create the chamfer. FILLETThis command is used for removing the sharp corners. On invoking this command, we have to press R then ENTER, after that fill the value and then ENTER, after that select the lines on which we want to create the radius. REGION This command is used for converting the relation of LINE into POLYLINE. Before using this command the sketch should be closed from all sides. On invoking this command, we have to select all lines and then right click. EXPLODE This command is used for converting the relation of POLYLINE into LINE. On invoking this command, we have to select the POLYLINE and then right click. EXERCISE NO 1:-

Qualities of a good leader Essay

Whenever and wherever human beings are gathered together in large numbers, they need leadership. Even children need their school prefects and schools captains ! Armies need Generals. Civilians need governments, captains of industry and intellectual leaders of thought as well. Men whether of the East or the West, require to be led and each group ‘throws up’ its own leaders in each succeeding generation. Whether in the school-room, or on the battlefield or in governmental deliberations, people who are natural leaders and who are chosen to lead, always have the same qualities of character and of outlook. In the first place, it is the personal qualities that count for most, in other words, the personality. A leader, in any location, must be someone who can be looked up to and respected. His personal judgment must be trusted and he must be able to evoke love and warmth from those he leads. So the, the first quality of a leader is that he must have the ability to win over men’s hearts. Secondly, he must have intellectual control over his followers and a mind that is capable of assimilating what is true and what is right and then of exerting this over others. It is useless, no matter what personal qualities or what intellectual prowess a man may have, if he lacks the initiative and the will to lead and to rally men around him. He must also, in his search for truth, have great powers of concentration. Again, a leader must possess this mysterious thing we call â€Å"character† or strength of will, clarity of mind, tenacity and determination. In other words â€Å"character† is knowing what you want to do and being ruthlessly determined to do it. Men and women will not follow a gloomy person! Therefore a kind sense of humor and a sense of optimism are two other essential qualities of a good leader. He must also, not only be a good judge of thins and of events, but of people too, so that he can select good subordinates. He must also show and practice such virtues as self-control, temperance and moderation, so that not only his body, but also his mind are always at their best, healthy  and sharpened like finely tempered steel. There is, too the good leader and the bad leader, of which Hitler, is a striking example of bad leader because it is possible to have all the qualities of leadership without the most important one of all. This is a moral sense of right and wrong and the right kind of â€Å"love† which is emphasized in many of the world’s great religions. This is true not only of international figures like Adolf Hitler, but also in smaller figures. The â€Å"gangs† of youths, typical of both East and West, whose members are led to violence and lawlessness are invariably led and inspired by leaders without a moral sense of right and wrong. The final test of a good leader is, of course, the question: â€Å"Do men follow him?† The answer will be â€Å"Yes† if, combined with strength of character, the ability to evoke love, a clear brain and a fair minded outlook, he also has a knowledge and respect for truth, honesty and fair play. Such a man surely possesses the spark of leadership and men will look up to him and follow him.

Islamic Seljuk Turks essays

Islamic Seljuk Turks essays The Islamic Seljuk Turks and the European Christians considered the crusades to be holy wars because the Christian military was trying to recapture the Holy land from the Muslims. The crusades were undertaken between the 11th and 14th century. Different motives influenced those who journeyed to the Holy land, and they were not all religious ones. The church offered many incentives to encourage men to take the Cross. The word crusade refers to any war fought by divine command or for a primarily religious purpose. The Crusades were considered to be holy wars because the Christian crusaders invaded the Holy land. These Crusades applied solely to the European efforts to retake Jerusalem from the Muslims. Jerusalem was a sacred city to Christians because it was seen as the site of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. Popes and Kings, eager for new land and wealth, encouraged crusaders. The crusades came from all over Europe. Most crusaders were knights and soldiers, but ordinary people also set out hoping to gain Gods approval. The Crusades may have been seen as holy wars, but they were lasting terror and misery to the near East. There were eight major Crusades that took place during 1096 to 1270. In 1921, Muslims captured the city of Acre and the Holy land was lost to Christians forever. Although the Crusades brought no lasting results in terms of military conquest, they were important in the development of trade. The reestablishment of traffic between the East and West, which after having been suspended for several centuries, was then resumed with even greater success. These trade routes generated a beneficial contact between the cultures. Many merchants from the cities of Venice and Genoa bought spices, sugar, cloth and cotton. Other merchants from Sicily and Aragorn traded Tunisian gold and Algerian wool and animal skins. Popular goods traded from the Middle East were su...

Business Algebra Discussion - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Business Algebra Discussion - Smart Custom Writing Industrial ecologyIntroduction Industrial ecology or what is currently referred to as green design seeks to address the waste management problem from within the processes of production that are responsible for generating hazardous waste rather than the character and location of the wastes and facilities as is the case in justice research and environmental equity.   This paper will look at the description of industrial ecology and argue about the concept’s strength in contributing to pollution prevention efforts and waste management as well as explore its political feasibility in the United States. INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY Industry ecology was convened as a colloquium in 1991 by the United States National Academy of Science. The aim of this colloquium was to exploit the new approaches emerging in industrial design of products and the processes involved and the implementation of manufacturing strategies that are sustainable.   This colloquium identified, the need for research as well as development to work in tandem with advances in technology in an effort to reduce the pollution perpetuated by industries’ production design which has also in the years been re-emphasized by engineering and scientific communities. This is in an effort to emulate the industrial ecology described in Type III. Both the government of America and that of Canada have in recent years been encouraging industries to engage in voluntary programs aimed at pollution preventing in an effort to reduce the hazardous waste as well as other contaminants that might harm the environment in the production stage rather than after the waste is generated consistent with industrial ecology. This is a management hierarchy that considers source reduction, alternative materials to phase out toxins, recycling and reuse as opposed to treatment and disposal. This view is also held by several other industry groups. The concept draws its structural analogy from the natural ecosystem in its effort to define the relationship between products by the industries, residue generation as well as the treatment of waste and disposal of the same. In this concept, internalization of pollution within the process of production is viewed as being a more effective method of production because of the environmental implications presented by uncontrolled emission as well as the economical inefficiencies presented by waste material disposal (Fletcher). The strength of Industry ecology in aspects of waste management is that it emphasizes on a more fundamental rethinking about the six elements of manufacturing. This includes the utilization of materials of desired properties during the formulation or extraction stages that are of the which contributing to overall industry environmental friendliness; adopting this concept also eliminates the need for storage and the long-term degradation of nonhazardous or hazardous feedstock materials by utilizing the philosophy of just-in-time raw materials; the process substitution employed also eliminates feedstock that may be toxic in nature; the engineering processes are controlled so as to assure a reliable and robust process: and also the considerations are made about the end-life of produced products to ensure their recyclability (Fletcher). The processing and manufacturing industries are always keen on improving their efficient use of economic resources. It therefore goes without saying that most industries are likely to adopt techniques and technologies that will enable it to conserve materials and also minimizes or avoid completely the need for waste management. Pollution control usually has many hidden costs associated with it. Prevention of pollution ultimately reduces or prevents these. Industry ecology identifies four incentives that would drive industries towards pollution prevention that the American and Canadian regulatory aspects apply. This includes the increase in the disposal costs; the prospect of incurring financial liabilities in implementing clean-up activities even in situations where the generator of waste might not be directly responsible for disposing waste improperly; waste disposal also presents liabilities by third-parties; there is also the risk of being adversely opposed by the public which is often unpredictable (Fletcher). Although measures of ensuring pollution preventions have always occupied center stage in politics especially around election periods, legislature passing to make some of the identified standards law, have often been missing. As it is, there has been a lack of regulation aimed in minimizing waste in the production process. The existing regulations allow most industries to rely on land-disposal as means of pollution control. This is attractive to industries as it presents a cheaper alternative of waste disposal. Unfortunately this method presents severe long-term environmental impacts than any other. In addition to this, production technologies that have been proven in the past are more likely to be adopted by industries as opposed to new alternatives aimed at reducing pollution. This problem is exacerbated as the adopted production processes mature, as many firms are less likely then to abandon them. Confidentiality presents an addition problem in that companies which develop ways of efficiently reducing waste are always reluctant to share this development with others. This is because such methods enable it to maintain a competitive advantage over its competitors. Confidentiality however still dogs the efforts of pollution prevention programs aimed at facilitating exchange of at least information on waste reduction at a generic level between corporate (Fletcher). Many groups including government environmental strategies as well as industry have in recent parts enthusiastically taken to pollution prevention debate.   The government of America In conjunction with the Canadian government has since 1972 showed their commitment to the virtual elimination of toxic substances that have persistently plagued the great lakes region. This bilateral agreement was amended in 1987 with the International Joint Commission (IJC) being mandates to support efforts to wipe out toxic substance use, manufacture and disposal.   Political will in pollution prevention policies in the United States can be traced to the â€Å"Pollution Prevention Act passed by Congress in 1990† (114). However, the Environmental Protection Agency is not empowered by the law to address the issue only providing legislative basis that provides for preferred environmental management hierarchy that is aimed at minimizing waste production as the priority and the disposal of product ion waste as a last result. A pollution prevention ethic is emphasized at the EPA especially when considering actions of enforcement.   However the federal government has not as yet initiated any program for waste exchange although a national private network, two programs that are state run as well as four private regional programs. Most industries still push for their companies to be recognized for conducting recycling off-site a trend referred to as green-washing by organizations such as Green Peace. On their part, environmentalists as well as relevant government officials are advocating adaption of industrial ecology concepts by companies by implementing recycling measures on-site in addition to source reduction of emissions as the key in prevention of pollution (Fletcher).   Conclusion Industrial ecology presents methods that are environmentally sound and contribute to waste management through the elimination or reduction of waste in the production process itself. This presents an economically and environmentally sensible method of pollution prevention. The government has been an advocate of this concept for a while now. However, it has lacked in regulation implementation to emphasis its views. As it is, the concept has not fully received the political backing it requires to be adopted on a holistic level relying instead on industry goodwill for its implementation in production processes. Works cited Fletcher, Thomas Hobbs. From Love Canal to environmental justice: the politics of hazardous waste on the Canada-U.S. border. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003.

Designing babies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Designing babies - Essay Example The Greeks had similar ways to cleanse their society. The Spartans used to have their babies inspected by a council of elders and the potential unhealthy ones were left to die outside. This concept of artificial cleansing is referred to as eugenics, a practice seen in the twentieth century under Hitler’s Nazi Germany. The atrocities committed during that time put a dampener on this practice. Advancement in the field of genetics has resulted in a new interest with regard to health and eugenics. Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis is a technique by which one or two cells are removed from a blast cyst generated by in vitro fertilization so that the embryos can be tested for single gene disorders or chromosomal abnormalities. The benefit from this is parents trying to have children have an opportunity to eliminate some possible diseases and abnormalities they may carry a gene for. The development of a technique called pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) gave further fillip to this concept. The basic idea was that an embryo could be tested to find a perfect donor for treatments like organ and bone marrow transplantation. But artificial intervention has raised a lot of moral and ethical dilemmas. It can be justified if this is done in a life and death situation where a transplant can save a life (without the donor being seriously deprived in turn). But this technique has now degenerated into other disturbing areas. According to the celebrated author Debora L Spar, parents now utilize this procedure not for health reasons but by â€Å"those who want to select their child’s gender.† (Spar, 99). The Steinberg’s Fertility Centre in California even gets requests to help couples have babies with specific traits. Thankfully, technology has not developed to such an extent yet. The new eugenics have not yet resorted to killing of newborn babies, but is getting close by

BORDER SECURITY USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK Research Paper

BORDER SECURITY USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK - Research Paper Example Borders are critical features of any state since they define territory. Individualterritories on the other hand have specific rules and acceptable ways of conduct which must be protected. As such, it is important that borders should be protected so as to keep away intruders such as illegal immigrants, smugglers, and terrorists. WSNs are being embraced in surveillance because they are cheaper and more effective as compared to traditional surveillance methods such as radar or satellite (Wang &Guo 358). Wireless border control sensor network architecture is made up of three main components: sensor nodes, gateways, and task managers. Sensor nodes are the components at the end of the architecture which capture the data at the border (through sensing). They are also referred to as the sink, source, or actuators. As such, movement for example at unauthorized areas can be sensed from the sensor nodes. Several sensors are situated differently and are usually interconnected. The sensor nodes may do some calculations before transmitting the data at the border though a gateway (Kalita, &Kar 2). Gateways on the other hand are proxies for the wireless border control systems. They allow the system administrators to interface Motes to some relay points such as personal digital assistants and personal computers for monitoring. In short, all the interconnected sensor nodes relay their information to the administrator through the same proxy (gateway) (Maharrey, Lim, &Gao 7). Gateways may be active (allow nodes to actively relay data to the system (gateway server), passive (allows gateway to send requests to sensor nodes), or hybrid (performs tasks of both active and passive gateways) (Villegas, Tang, &Qian 4). The task managers are the receiving ends of the wireless border control sensor network architecture. After the sensor notes acquire information from the

The business and financial performance of an organisation over a three Dissertation

The business and financial performance of an organisation over a three year period - Dissertation Example The company ranked within the Top 20 of all the online businesses. In the category of fashion clothing, footwear, jewelry, and accessories, ASOS has claimed the number 1 spot and now believes itself to have no competitor. Most probably, the management means that the other companies have stores while ASOS does not maintain stores. The organization is guided by its desire to give importance to people and the environment. To achieve acceptable working standards towards providing quality consumer goods, ASOS joined ETI or Ethical Trade Initiative, a business alliance of trade unions, and NGOs (non-government organizations) that try to improve people’s lives. It has its own â€Å"ASOS Ethical Code of Conduct†. (See appended key principles in Exhibit I) The economy is presently still recovering from the effects of recession after two years. ASOS is one of those corporations based in the UK that faced a great challenge against the recession, except for one big difference. As o f April 13, 2011, this fashion retailer which operates online far exceeded the performance of UK in terms of recovery from the economic recession. â€Å"In the three months to the end of March, international sales rose 161% to ?48.4 million compared with a year ago.UK sales were up 24% to ?44.9 million.† according to BBC (2011b). ... This provides an opportunity to utilize Financial Accounting tools and the Qualitative Techniques for a careful analysis of the business operations in order to discover how the company performed its business operations. It helps to identify the various sources of funding the business has used and its ability to takeout any more loans, the costs it’s incurring and its returns. It also allows to assess the risks involved in its operation and to make an estimate for its future performance. It will be a challenge to unravel the mystery of ASOS performance. There was no news about how the company arrived at an excellent result of operations. But there were praises. First of all, the company Annual Reports are available online. Secondly, this is a modern way of doing business in the fashion clothing industry, because most retailers are selling mostly through departments stores opened in many countries, while ASOS focuses more on online fashion retailing. Knowing more about financial management for such operations will add more education and insights for the eventual readers of this formal paper. Studying the financial data, strategies, and other aspects surrounding the business of ASOS will also lead to discoveries about the risks involved, the opportunities of investing by buying stocks of ASOS in the near future, and factors or indicators about the prospects of good or bad future performance. Finally, this kind of business is new to most people. The hope is that by analyzing the available information, something new will be added to the field of knowledge. 1.2 Project objectives The objectives are: To be able to review and analyze the Annual Reports using the qualitative and

The Benefits Of FDI To MNCs

The Benefits Of FDI To MNCs Globalisation commenced after the World War II, but grew explicitly after the mid-1980s driven by the technological progress as well as rising liberalization of trade and capital markets. However, according to Hood and Young (2000) globalisation began at the time of World Economic Crisis in 1970 (Asian crisis, oil crisis, post-Vietnam war). During that time Western industrialized countries experienced slow down in economies, reduction in profits as well as strong competition. As a result, the following strategies were used in order to tackle these problems: cheap labor usage in manufacturing process, new market exploration as well as strategic alliances formation. MNCs began to cut their costs by utilizing cheap labor from developing countries, such as Mexico, Tunisia and Taiwan. (Hood and Young, 2000) According to Strange (1997) observations globalization has increased mobility of capital, knowledge and information. (Hood N. and Young S., 2000) The globalization process has let multinationals desire to optimize market competitive variable and costs within a liberalizing trade and investment environment. (Hood N. and Young S., 2000). During the process of globalisation following institutions were established: the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), as well as World Trade Organisation (WTO). The later played a significant role in favouring free trade, instead of protectionism. FDI deregulationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦has played an important role for investment into privatezed firms as well as the domestic economy growth and price stabilization. . (Hood N. and Young S., 2000) will research moreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦More information in terms of deregulation should be at beginning when you start the globalization Benefits of FDI MNCs may be motivated to undertake foreign direct investment to get more demand as well as get into the markets where they could generate greater profits. Both these motives are usually based on opportunities to get higher revenues in foreign markets. Other motives are related to the cost efficiency, when using foreign factors of production: raw materials or technology. Moreover, MNCs may be involved in FDI in order to protect foreign to protect their foreign market share, to respond to exchange rate changes, or to evade trade restrictions (can be used in conclusions) For instance, a company considering FDI in Asia or USA may still be attracted by Asia due to higher growth potential for a company as well as higher profit margins. Moreover, if case the local currency depreciates there will be less costs necessary to establish a subsidiary. MNCs may decrease its exposure to economic conditions by expanding their business activities between different economies. When foreign direct investment occurs, constant reassessment is needed in order to anticipate whether further expansion should take place. The decision is influenced by the economic conditions in the subsidiarys country, parents country, host country government as well as MNCs experience in operating abroad. MNCs which will not experience problems will be the ones which will employ local labour as well as manuacture the goods that have no direct substitutes in a foreign country. Usually the ideal FDI is the one by the means of which the problems of local unemployment and technological scarcity is solved with no threat to the local firms. Global markets join those who may offer capital and those who require capital, hence promoting economic growth. Moreover, global markets create pleasant conditions for mutually beneficial trading. Economists tend to favour free flow of capital due to the following reasons: Get the highest rate of return Reduce the risk by diversifying the lending and investment. Huge corporations, like Coca-Cola, Nestle, and Gillette took advantage of the globalisation by spreading their international operations across boarders, hence to become more competitive, meet global demand as well as cut their production costs.  [1]  Investing into emerging markets has brought much of success to these companies. Like any investor, an MNC is valuating its risk and return, when forming international projects. The portfolio of all projects determines the MNC as a whole. In fact, the riskier the country, the less probably the investors will invest, however this might anticipate higher returns. In fact, risky project may offer negative returns, however a high-risk alliance might be successful and bring high returns, for example, Google. Lower risk investment is likely to offer positive returns. Therefore, when choosing a portfolio a company should evaluate how much extra return is needed in order to offset the extra risk or how much extra return the company is ready to sacrifice in order to have lower risk. Project portfolios generate higher returns than the individual ones due to the diversification characteristics. The less the correlation in project returns the less should be the project portfolio risk. Along the efficient frontier of project portfolios, there is no portfolio to be said as an optimal for all MNCs. This is due to the fact that MNCs differ in readiness to accept risk. If the MNC is very cautious and may select between the portfolios reflected by the frontier it will probably favour one that shows low risk. However, more risk tolerant strategy would be to undertake the projects risk return close to the top of frontier. In fact, the location of frontier is determined by the business MNC is undertaking. For example, Eurosteel plc trades steel only to European markets, then its frontier of efficient project portfolios indicate high risk, as this company sells only one product as well as it trades with countries whose economies are correlated. However, Uniliver plc sells variety of products worldwide, hence due its diversified range is less exposed to the project portfolio risk. Here is assumed that the Uniliver plc is well informed about all the products as well as the markets where it operates. MNCs may get more attractive risk-return from the projects portfolios if they enough diversify among products as well as geographic markets. Moreover, it may However if it is a new company it international investment activity is affected by the country risk. The risks may overtake the returns. For example: Conclusions: Usual motivation for foreign direct investment relates to international diversification. This lets MNC to stabilise its cash flows as well as lessens its risk exposure. Such a goal is desirable because it may reduce the firms cost of financing. International projects may let the company to be exposed to lower risk than if undertaking solely domestic projects and not sacrificing its expected returns. International diversification impacts risk reduction if FDI is performed in countries whose economies are low correlated to MNCs home country economy.

Sin in The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

Sin in The Scarlet Letter Since the dawn of time people have read, studied and enjoyed books in which the hero or heroes fall from grace. No matter who those heroes are- the human race in The Bible,the demon prince Lestat in Anne Rice's "Vampire Chronicles"or a certain Thane of Cawdor in "Macbeth"- sin plays a greatpart in all of their downfalls and subsequent ressurections.And the three main characters in Hawthorne's "The Scarlet Letter"-Dimmesdale, Chillingsworth, and Hester Prynne- are no different. All three characters are flung from the normal rolesthat society has laid upon them- minister, housewife, doctor-into new roles- sinner, whore, and vengance crazed sadist.These new roles are not necessarily apparent to all in town.However, even though the townspeople do not know of thesinners, God does. And in God's eyes, whose sin was greater?That, I cannot answer. But in this mere mortal's opinion, the sin of Chillingsworth far outdid the sin of Dimmesdale or Hester Prynne, for Chillingsworth's sin was one of revengeand one of secrecy. He was not driven by an anger at his ownsin, but by the sin of others. He used deception andmanipulation to make the life of another miserable. He wasnot flung from society's view as if he were a dirty secretlike Hester was; he was embraced by it. However, his sin didtake it's toll. He was disfigured horribly and became atwisted man, scarred by sin. He also was robbed of thepleasure of destroying Dimmesdale which was his reason forliving. He died shortly after Dimmesdale. Hester Prynne, however, was the complete opposite of Chillingworth in that her sin gave her life, not destroyed it. She took her punishment and embraced it, using it to rebuild herself not as a pathetic sinner, but as a pseudo-saint. At first, the town shunned her as a sinner. However,after they saw that she was good, and her sin was of love,the same town embraced and loved her. Her sin drew her moredeeply into the society of Boston than she ever was before.And when her time to die came, she did so with honor. HesterPrynne - sinner and saint. However, Hester's sin was shared. Whereas she was asinner on the outside and a saint on the inside, ArthurDimmesdale is the reverse, both literally and figuratively.

Banking and Finance Law Essay

Joint account holders, case: Arden v Bank of New South Wales (1956) VLR 569 Combination of account, the bank’s right to combine accounts is dependant on the accounts being the same or closely similar. The right to combine accounts without express agreement: accounts must be held by customer in the same capacity, must not be an agreement or course of dealing with the customer which has negated the bank’s right to combine accounts, customer’s indebtedness must have been incurred to the bank as an banker and not in relation to other business carried on by the bank eg travel business. The main case of this rule is: Garnett v McKewan 1872. Knowing Receipt: Case: Thomson v Clydesdale Bank Ltd (1893) AC 282 APPLICATION Fantastic Landscapes is a customer of the Red Bank because it has accounts in this bank which are overdraft account with has a borrowing limit of $100000 accepted by Red Bank and another account has $20000 (Account No 2) Applying to the content of the contact, Fantastic Landscapes has signed an agreement form that is an express terms made between Red Bank and Fantastic Landscapes. The general terms and conditions included the following clause 12: upon receipt of each monthly overdraft account statement, the account holder shall read the statement and notify the bank of any errors contained in the statement within 15 days. Failure to notify the bank of any errors within that time will be treated as a breach of contract by the account holder entitling the bank to its remedies at law. Applying to the bank’s duty of confidentiality, the Red Bank recorded transactions between it and its customer (Fantastic Landscapes) and reported to its customer every 15 days as written in the general term. However, Red Bank did not complete its duty to question valid mandate because the cheques drawn by Minnie (one of the director of Fantastic Landscapes) within a period of 3 months are unusual drawn on Fantastic Landscapes’ overdraft account. When according to joint account holders, Ben actually is an innocent joint account holder, so he has a right to sue the Red Bank for the breach of contract. However, applying to the duty of customer in section duty to organize business, following cases: Lewes Sanitary Steam Laundry Co Ltd v Barclay Co Ltd (1906) 95 LT 444; and (6. 1) National Bank of New Zealand Ltd v Walpole and Patterson Ltd (1975) 2NZLR 7. The Red bank has an absolute advantage in this case because of the express term written in the contract Another director of Fantastic Landscapes, Ben has failed when sue Red Bank to recredit account which Minnie has stolen because he did not check overdraft account during 3 months, and in the contract with Red Bank has asked he to rea d and notify the bank of any errors contained in the statement within 15 days. Therefore, Ben or Fantastic Landscapes could not claim back $50000. When apply to combination of account, the Fantastic Landscapes has won in this lawsuit. The Red Bank has combined overdraft account and Account No 2 without any notice because they hear that this company has just lot a large landscaping contract and not working any more. Moreover, Red Bank has agreed Fantastic Landscapes to borrow maximum $100000, so they can not combine account without any notice to this company even though its overdraft account has reached to $100000. Therefore, Red Bank has to pay $10000 penalty fee for Fantastic Landscapes to the finance company. According to duty of the banker, the BLB (Big Lender Bank) does not have any duty to Fantastic Landscapes because in this case, its customer Minnie just is its client. Therefore, BLB do not have any duty to her company although she is a director in that company and she has committed fraud. Moreover, BLB do not care about how Minnie paid off her debt because Minnie did not withdraw money in the trust account. In addition, according to Thomson v Clydesdale Bank Ltd (1893) AC 282. BLB does not need to care about its customer detail particularly. Hence, the chances for Fantastic Landscapes win in this case in not to high than the case it won before when against Red Bank to reclaim $10000 penalty fee for finance company. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the Fantastic Landscapes has won in the case against Red Bank for compensation for $10000 penalty fee when they applied their case to combination of account. They won because Red Bank has committed the rule when combine two accounts without any notice to its customer. On the other hand, although the main fault belong to Minnie, the Fantastic Landscapes has failed in the case to recredit, its account when apply express term between it and the Red Bank. After all, the BLB do not have any duty to Fantastic Landscapes for compensation because when apply knowing receipt rule via Thomson case.

Eight Elements of Communication Essay

With the importance of communication placed on the development of the human society, it is indeed necessary to understand the different elements that make it sensible for creating the necessary involvement within the human communities around the .world. To have an overview and understanding of the said elements, this paper shall discuss the different impacts of the elements upon the improvement of human relations within a globally connected society. Â  The discussion of the eight elements shall be discussed separately to individually identify their strong effects on the developmental procedures of the human society. (A) Message Sending Approach Every conversation begins in the process by which the speaker sends the message to the listener. The procedure by which the listener catches the message however depends on the process by which the sender sent the idea that he wants to convey to the listeners. (B) Receiving the Message As it could be observed, the ways by which the listener receive the message depends on the way the speaker primarily sent the idea through the approach that he made in the speech that he adapted while sending the message. (C) Evaluating the Message Evaluation of the message depends on the listener’s background regarding the idea being sent to him. It is through this background that he is able to make careful amends with the ways on how he is to evaluate the idea shared to him through conversation. (D) Understanding the Message Understanding involves the capability of the listener to make connection between the message and what he already knows about the topic being presented in the conversation. (E) Responding to the Message The response that the listener makes on the message that has been sent to him depends on how far he was able to understand the idea that is presented to him. Responding is the way by which the conversation is brought towards the development of continuum. (F) Making the Conversation Work The exchange of thoughts makes conversations work. The effective use of the different elements of communication makes it possible for the listener and the speaker to continue exchanging their ideas. (G) Sending the Right Message through Body Language At some point, the body language of the person speaking coveys at least 40% of the words that he is actually speaking. It is through this that people are able to make amends on the different flaws that the speaker makes during the conversation. (H) The use of Facial Expressions If body language gives 40%of the speech being sent, facial expression at least shares a 20% of the message that is sent to the listener. Through the enumeration and definition of the eight elements of communication, it could be noted that conversations are bound to become effectively disposed through the different background and bodily presentations of the message on the part of both the listener and the sender of the message. Being able to do so makes it possible for people to constantly create possibilities in making conversations work for the best results for the ones involved in the discussion.

Tom edison essays

Tom edison essays There is one inventor that stands out among the rest his name is Thomas Alva Edison, Thomas Edison is one of the most famous inventors ever known to history. Thomas has taken credit for more than one thousand inventions in fact one thousand and ninety three like the incandescent electric lamp, the phonograph, the carbon telephone transmitter and the motion-picture projector. Thomas Alva Edison was born in Milan Ohio on the 11 of February 1847 and sadly pasted away on October the 18 1931. At the age of ten he was taken out school and was taught by his dear mother Nancy Edison. In the summer of 1868 he invented the first electrical vote recorder this was a big success. Thomas Edison promised that he would invent a minor invention every ten days and a big invention every six months. He also proposed to make inventions to order. Before long he had 40 different projects going at the same time. Edison announced he would invent a safe, mild, and inexpensive electric light that would replace the gaslight in millions of homes. ...