The Preconditions of Social Identity of a Small State in Transition to

The Pre jibes of Social Identity of a Small State in Transition to DemocracyABSTRACT The definition of social identity consists of two parts. First, it means protection against threats to the nations existence and well-being. Second, it means the search for measures and possibilities to master the goals of social development and improvement. Social identity implies the creation and preservation of conditions in which each citizen can develop as educated, creative and responsible persons. Today, especially for nations passim the former Soviet Union, the chief risk to social identity lies in the adverse conditions of continued underdevelopment. It follows that for these nations, identity means first of all development. The essential condition for a small nations identity and survival is based on the peoples resolution to rely on themselves and to envision the potency for their own country. The modern strategy for ensuring social identity would essentially rely on the principle that every citizen is part of the national identity, i.e., its active agent. For this reason, of central impressiveness is the creation of equal starting possibilities (equality of opportunities) for everyone. An essential point of departure for an examination of our subject is the definition of social identity and its principal connotations. Both external and interior threats to social identity can arise, although our interest must be limited to the consideration of internal threats. Today, especially for nations throughout the former Soviet Union, the chief danger to social identity lies in the adverse conditions of continued underdevelopment. It follows that for our nation nowadays identity first of all means the development.The ... ...ording to V. Havel, we must all behave as if we could save it. (11) Each one of us must clean one square metre around himself or herself.We hope that all this are the difficulties of the setoff new era. NOTES(1) Genocide of Lithuanian People (Viln ius, 1992.), p. 48.(2) Adam Biela, Mental changes and Social Integration Perspective in Europe Theoretical Framework and Research Strategies, journal for Mental Changes, 1 (1995), 10.(3) Ibid, p.7.(4) John Friedmann, rethinking Poverty Empowerment and Citizen Rights, International Social Science Journal, 148 (1996), 169.(5) Lithuanian Human Development Report, 1996 (Vilnius, 1996). (6) Ibid., p. 25-26.(7) Ibid., p. 83.(8) Ibid., p. 61.(9) Ibid., p. 45.(10) Ibid., p. 48.(11) Vaclav Havel, Maximilian Schell, Europe at the Fin se Siecle, Society, 32 (1995), 71.

The possible link between culture, material conditions, and war Essay

The possible link between culture, material conditions, and warAfter the Second World War and finally after the cool War and the gulf War, many peo-ple agreed that there is no exact for war anymore. Allies were conducted to maintain peace. But this belief was destroyed. Nowadays, we have to fear a war with Iraq. The head teacher which rises is, if there is a possible link between culture, material conditions, and war? In my paper I will mention the anthropology of war and gender roles. Furthermore, I will discuss the interrelations between culture and war, and finally the interrelations between religion and war.The first question is, if there was war from the beginning of gracious kind on, or if war just was developed over time? This is a hard question, which nobody can explain exactly. The movie The Gods must be crazy (1984) could be one example that in an uncivilized, isolated society people cannot have war, because they do not have primings to fight about. They have everyt hing they need various times. That means, they do not have to share things and in conclusion, do not have to fight about things. In the Kalahari relinquish a family of African Bushmen had a spiritedness in an ideal fashion in harmony and peace. One day somebody dropped a coke store out of an planing machine down to the Kalahari Desert. This bottle leads to disharmony and violence among the family. All of a sudden they have to share this tool which God sent them. Nobody can civilise without this tool anymore. That is the reason why they start fighting. But why can people not share, or need to have what they want at at one time without the patience to tolerate? Thats the problem of human kind in a civilized world. Civilized people change the environment to suit them. The Kalahari Desert cou... ...volution, Males, and violence. The Chronicle of higher(prenominal) Education 2002.Trexler. Backgrounds (Selections).John, Keegan. The Fact of Battle (Selections).Victor, Davis Hanson. Carnage and Culture Landmark Battles in the rise of Western Power. An-chor Books 2001.Rodney, Stark. One True God diachronic Consequences of Monotheism (Selection). Princeton University Press.Barrington, Moore, Jr. virtuous Purity and Persecution in History (Selection). Princeton University PressLawrence H., Keeley. War before Civilization. Oxford University Press 1996.Robert L., OConnell. Ride of the Second Horseman. Oxford University Press 1995.Andrew, Sullivan. This is a sacred war. New York measure 2001.Michael, Adams. Peter Pans great Adventure.Adams. Male Sacrifice and W.W.I.- to be a man.Jared, Diamond. Guns, Germs, and Steel. W.W. Norton & Company. The possible link between culture, material conditions, and war EssayThe possible link between culture, material conditions, and warAfter the Second World War and finally after the Cold War and the Gulf War, many peo-ple agreed that there is no need for war anymore. Allies were conducted to maintain peace. But this belief was destroyed. Nowadays, we have to fear a war with Iraq. The question which rises is, if there is a possible link between culture, material conditions, and war? In my paper I will mention the anthropology of war and gender roles. Furthermore, I will discuss the interrelations between culture and war, and finally the interrelations between religion and war.The first question is, if there was war from the beginning of human kind on, or if war just was developed over time? This is a hard question, which nobody can explain exactly. The movie The Gods must be crazy (1984) could be one example that in an uncivilized, isolated society people cannot have war, because they do not have reasons to fight about. They have everything they need various times. That means, they do not have to share things and in conclusion, do not have to fight about things. In the Kalahari Desert a family of African Bushmen had a life in an ideal fashion in harmony and peace. One day somebody dropped a coke bottle out of an airplane down to the Kalahari Desert. This bottle leads to disharmony and violence among the family. All of a sudden they have to share this tool which God sent them. Nobody can work without this tool anymore. That is the reason why they start fighting. But why can people not share, or need to have what they want at once without the patience to wait? Thats the problem of human kind in a civilized world. Civilized people change the environment to suit them. The Kalahari Desert cou... ...volution, Males, and violence. The Chronicle of Higher Education 2002.Trexler. Backgrounds (Selections).John, Keegan. The Fact of Battle (Selections).Victor, Davis Hanson. Carnage and Culture Landmark Battles in the rise of Western Power. An-chor Books 2001.Rodney, Stark. One True God Historical Consequences of Monotheism (Selection). Princeton University Press.Barrington, Moore, Jr. Moral Purity and Persecution in History (Selection). Princeton University PressLawrence H., Kee ley. War before Civilization. Oxford University Press 1996.Robert L., OConnell. Ride of the Second Horseman. Oxford University Press 1995.Andrew, Sullivan. This is a religious war. New York Times 2001.Michael, Adams. Peter Pans great Adventure.Adams. Male Sacrifice and W.W.I.- to be a man.Jared, Diamond. Guns, Germs, and Steel. W.W. Norton & Company.

Visit to the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Viewing the Asian Art Colle

Visit to the Metropolitan Museum of fraud and Viewing the Asian Art Collections The Metropolitan Museum of Art has one of the finest Asian art collections that has enlightened and strengthened my understanding in my personal art experience. The Museum itself is an artistic architectural structure that graces the entire block on 82nd Street in Manhattan. Entering in view, I sensed myself going back into an era, into a past where race traded ideas and learned from each other. It is a past, where I calm find their works of yesteryears vividly within my grasp, to be remembered and sh atomic number 18d as if their reflections of works were cast for the modern devoted learner.Walking into the Hall of the Buddhas, there was a sense of peace and guidance lingering inside me. The seated Bodhisattva, of the Northern Wei dynasty (386-534), CA.480, from the Yungang, Cave xv, Shani Province, made of sandstone, guarded the entrance. At first, I thought it was a sentence to be disciplined, but the transcending smile from the statue was a delicate fixed gesture that offered a feeling of welcome. It was not a place to confess your wrongdoings neither was it a place for me to say, Buddha I have sinned. It was a room to purify the mind, the mind that we take for granted without giving it harmony. There was a large mural decorating the chief(prenominal) wall called The Paradise of Bhaishajyaguru(916-1125). I sat down wandering if the artist of the portrait knew that his work would one day be shared on this side of the world, in my time. Much like Jesus Christ and his followers, the mural is a painting of healers and saviors. It was a large figure of the Buddha of medicine, (Bhaishajyaquru) surrounded by followers of Bodhisattvas, Avalokiteshvara, and Mahosthamaprapta with waggleinal guardian generals who have pledged to disseminate the Buddhas teaching (Tradition of Liao 916-1125, Metropolitan Museum wall plaque).On the other side, I noticed a standing statue called Quan Yi n that I have often encountered. It was an Avalokiteshvara from the Sui dynasty (581-618) made of limestone (Metropolitan Museum Plaque). Unlike the Quan Yin statue at home or any of the ones I have seen, it was difficult to pinpoint the gender of this Saint. I often hear people ask if Quan Yin was really a female, but throughout my learning experience it was mainly worshipped by women and given the status as female. Perh... ...tues being so near. From the Sui dynasty (581-618), the Quan Yin statue reminded me of the readings in class about Red Azalea. I have always thought that this was a female saint however, after visual perception and observing it, maybe Im wrong. Another place in the museum that evoked my feelings was the Japanese collection. The Japanese Buddhas were mentally more lifelike, because of the details of the color in the eyes. One could mistake some of them for demons and evil beings. However, they are all doers of good for mankind. The Japanese exhibit felt like a place of court where people came in to be cleansed, forgiven and punished after their evil deeds. Overall, my learning experience has taken me to a higher level of understanding that diversity within the comparable beliefs in Buddhism are mainly different by the way they migrated and the way Buddha is represented in the features and looks in another culture. However, whatever the culture might be, the teachings of Buddha are all shared and learned the same wayTo do no evil.To cultivate all good.To purify the mind.And this is the teaching of the Buddha. (Shakyamuni Buddha, Grace Gratitude Buddhist temple, wallet card

Combating The Health Hazards of Technology Use Essay -- Technology neg

Technology has multifaceted benefits. Your smartphone can keep you connected with friends and family, find you healthy dining options nearby, and think of you with games, music, and videos. Unfortunately technology also has a darker side. Being plugged-in or on all the time can take a toll on our physiological and mental health. This essay will explore how we can combat the more common health issues that could be related to our use of technology. The good news is that umteen of the more common health health problems related to our use of technology can easily be fixed with a some moderations infused in fiats mindset. First, existent health organizations cave in dedicated their money and time to ensuring proper health guidelines. For example, the United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) have issued guidelines for proper ergonomics, which are the principals of quality and movement, when using technology (Health and Technology). Another ex ample includes the International Ergonomics Association, which boasts members from around the globe, and is dedicated to improving quality of life by focusing attention on body mechanics and work environments (Technology and Health). These organizations have already dedicated their time to improving life quality. By making few changes to their works, these organizations can provide a more significant change in society to help correct societys addiction to modern technology. First, OSHA has common enforcement authority for workplace safety and health, with the other agencies having enforcement authority for particular types of workplace hazards. OSHAs primary mission statement states, Congress created OSHA to assure safe and sanitary condit... ...ity.Occupational Safety And Health Federal Agencies Identified As Promoting Workplace Safety And Health HEHS-00-45R. GAO Reports (2000) 1. MAS Ultra - School Edition. Web. 10 Mar. 2014.Schwartz, Katrina. What Students Think About us e iPads in Schools. MindShift. 13 Feb. 2014. Web. 02 Feb. 2014Sports Physical Therapy Institute. Sports Physical Therapy. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2014.Technology and Health. Global Issues in circumstance Online Collection. Detroit Gale, 2014. Global Issues In Context. Web. 12 Feb. 2014.Teens and Technology. Global Issues in Context Online Collection. Detroit Gale, 2014. Tim, Parker. More Concerning Statistics About Twitters User Base. Benzinga 15 Apr. 2014 Newspaper Source Plus. Web. 22 Apr. 2014.THE STUDYMODE. Potentially Negative Effects of Technology on Student Attention Spans. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2014.

The Old Ball Game :: essays research papers fc

The Old Ball Game     An American dream can be defined through an examination of the Americanlifestyle, and by memorise out the most common themes. The most common themesAmericans associate with are the basics graduating at the top of the class,finding a high-paying job, settling down with the perfect spouse, a house in thesuburbs with a white picket fence, two children running through the yard chasingthe dog and of course apple pie and baseball.     Yes, baseball is considered by many to be part of the American dream.It is through baseball that many can relive their childhood. It has been theone daily and constant event that the American troupe depends on to be thereduring every summer night. The annual fall classic, the World Series, catchesthe attention of the entire country. Like the New York Yankees, baseball hasbecome a part of America.     After World War II, many countries were completely demolished physicallyan d mentally. Among these countries was Japan. Countless numbers of Japanesepeople were dead, and land, buildings, and entire cities were destroyed. Forthe first m in Japans history, their "God" had spoken to the publicdestroying his immortal reputation. During the postwar years, Japan looked tothe major powers of the globe to develop a foundation for a new country.include in this foundation was a need for new ideas and dreams. Of courseJapan did not completely erase thousands of years of tradition and culture, butJapan did take many international ideas and transformed them into her own. Inthe Movie Mr. Baseball, a Japanese woman describes Japans borrowing techniques."Japan takes the best from all over the world and makes it Hers" (Welles).include in the world powers of the time was America therefore, Japan borrowedseveral ideas from the United States. One such idea just happened to beAmericas National pastime, baseball.     The history of Japanes e baseball dates back to the middle 1800s. They"adopted baseball from the U.S. as early as 1873" (Constable 23), but the sparkfor baseball ignited during the post war occupational years. A foreign studentfrom Japan explains, "The thousands of American troops stationed in Japan afterthe war kindled the passion for baseball that was lacking in front the war"(Akutsu). The American soldiers showed the Japanese the American ways ofbaseball, and the popularity of Japanese baseball has skyrocketed from that timeon. Baseball in Japan has reached the top level with its professional standings. many a(prenominal) other countries throughout the world have tried to establish the Americansport of baseball but "Japan is the only country in the world to have

Essay --

kiss of life is (cardiopulmonary resuscitation). This procedure is used to restore blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest. All the cells in a human body require oxygen to survive, they also require a good tally of nutrients and removal of all waste products. In your lungs oxygen enters your blood and carbon dioxide is removed, this process is called gas exchange. Cardiac arrest is when your boob completely stops beating. Although your h spiket stops, this is not the same as a heart attack . a heart attack may curb to cardiac arrest. There are some causes that can put you in a state of cardiac arrest like, drugs, poising and over dosing on medications, traumatic injury such as a aim vehicle accidents of any kind or any significant amount of blood loss and also anaphylaxis (and allergic reaction to anything) can also lead to cardiac arrest. If any of these happen blood will stop circulating throughout the body. Breathing begins to decrease most of th e time you stop breathing for some(prenominal) minutes. The purpose of CPR is to keep oxygen in the blood so it can continue to flow, throughout the body to keep the vital organs alive. CPR will not restart persons heart, it just keeps the blood flow circulating until official suspensor arrives , once you come across someone that isnt breathing you should first see if the scene is clear before you go to help the person( always remember DR ABC always dumbfound reliable you are not in any DANGER check for a RESPONSE from the person youre doing CPR on shake them gently . make sure the AIRWAY is clear by kneeling by the persons head and tilting there head backwards . check if the person is BREATHING by placing your ear above their mouth and looking at their chest for normal breathin... ...e on a life jacket, and that its on correctly. Make sure they dont swim alone or in bad weather.Teach your kids how to swim , doggy paddle ETCIf your child gets stung by some type of dirt bal l make sure you identify were the insect bit them at and also try not to let your child scratch the bite as much because it can cause irritation and can make the bite area even larger if you need to , too prevent insect bites use lights that help keep the bugs away , you can also use skin repellant to keep the bugs away also make sure when you eat things like watermelon or anything unfermented make sure you are in your house were bugs can get to it , because food and sweet things attract bugs , another thing that attracts bugs is sweet smelling perfume , lotions , colognes lip balms attract bugs , so make sure you try to avoid those things during the spring and summer season.

Essay --

CPR is (cardiopulmonary resuscitation). This procedure is used to restore livestock circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest. all(prenominal) the cells in a human body require group O to survive, they also require a good supply of nutrients and removal of all waste products. In your lungs oxygen enters your blood and carbon dioxide is removed, this process is called gas exchange. Cardiac arrest is when your heart completely stops beating. Although your heart stops, this is not the same as a heart attack . a heart attack may lead to cardiac arrest. There are m any causes that stub put you in a state of cardiac arrest like, drugs, poising and over dosing on medications, traumatic injury such as a motor vehicle accidents of any kind or any significant amount of blood loss and also anaphylaxis (and allergic reaction to anything) can also lead to cardiac arrest. If any of these happen blood will stop circulating throughout the body. Breathing begins to decrease most of the time you stop breathing for several minutes. The purpose of CPR is to keep oxygen in the blood so it can continue to flow, throughout the body to keep the vital organs alive. CPR will not restart somebodys heart, it just keeps the blood flow circulating until official help arrives , once you come across someone that isnt breathing you should first envision if the scene is clear before you go to help the person( always remember DR ABC always make accredited you are not in any DANGER check for a RESPONSE from the person youre doing CPR on shake them gently . make sure the AIRWAY is clear by kneeling by the persons head and tilting there head backwards . check if the person is BREATHING by placing your ear above their mouth and looking at their chest for normal breathin... ...e on a life jacket, and that its on correctly. Make sure they dont swim alone or in bad weather.Teach your kids how to swim , doggy paddle ETCIf your child gets stung by some type of worm make sure you identify were the insect bit them at and also try not to let your child scratch the bite as much because it can cause irritation and can make the bite area even larger if you need to , too prevent insect bites use lights that help keep the bugs away , you can also use skin repellant to keep the bugs away also make sure when you eat things like watermelon or anything sweet make sure you are in your house were bugs can get to it , because food and sweet things overstretch bugs , another thing that attracts bugs is sweet smelling perfume , lotions , colognes lip balms attract bugs , so make sure you try to avoid those things during the spring and summer season.

Baptist Confessional Paper

When comparing one item to the other at that place will always be differences and similarities this is the essitanial aspect of comparing. For purposes of this paper, the two Anabaptist excuses, which will be looked at, are as costs. The New Hampshire Baptist Confession and the pardon- Will Baptist Confession. The Basis of the New Hampshire Confession rests on the Calvinistic view of theology verses the Free-Will Baptist whose foundation is rooted in the Armenian aspects of theology. The genuinely core of the differences between these two confessions lies in the positions of Armenian and Calvin theology, which will be the steering of this paper.An added difference, which warrants a little time is the stance the Free Will, took from the New Hampshire on the view of Ordinances of the church. Wrapping up will focus on on how doctrinal differences between the two will affect the movements in their spheres of influence. school of thought on God The focus of theology starts with a look at God, who He is and how He responds to those He has created. The view of God a person chooses will direct the flow of the flow of the persons theology. This being said the discussion would start with God.The New Hampshire Baptist (NHB) deliberated that God knew all things and therefore new exactly what would happen still forwards it happened because He determined it that way. The NHB looked at God as having complete and utter sovereignty over all creation. It is under this notion the NHB believed that God knew those who would chose to bring forth His elect from the sinful nature of hu globeity. The NHB looked at this as an outpouring of God to all that would choose to live for Him. The NHB looked at this as Gods eternal purpose. One of the areas this confession does not mention is why God chooses one over another. God election is solely based upon His goodness and ho profligatess, that He would be glorified fit to His nature. God places His glory above all things in so much He commands there will be no other God before Him. On the other hand, the Free-Will Baptist (FWB) believes God does not preordain people to be called to Him. FWB believes God exactly ordains the ends, not the middle, or the means. The FWB believes God gives humankind a break of power.This power would be considered free will. Free will or the power to choose and therefore determine what things may come by the hand of man. The FWB believe God governs by moral law and motives men were thought of as having the ability to bring about the ends He desired. FWB could not understand how a man could be responsible for his action if he does not have the freedom to create possibilities of his own choosing. FWB attempts to break down the concept of the NHB and the idea of God having fate of all things verses His foreordination of all things.The FWB believes that all things are with God from the beginning to the end. The FWB believe Gods knowledge of the events does not cause them to happ en, the FWB also believe that not all the things God knows will happen. FWB knows that God is omniscience but they deny His foreordination of all things such as the HHB does. The FWB have an understanding to which makes God in some very dependent of the creature or creation. They also have an issue with Gods foreknowledge and His foreordination and could not break apart the bond between them. Although both inevitable to define Gods omnipotence.God knows what will happen and what will cause thing to happen, therefore while He knows some of the happenings, He also knows what will be needed should we need a way out. FWB focuses on Gods willingness to act on certain things or react and allow history to unfold as it would. The constitution of Man The NHC confession of Faith believes the fall of man from a landed estate of joy and communion with God is due to the free will of man. Due to this fall, military personnel is separated from God and therefore doomed to an eternal death witho ut excuse because of its own choice.This idea follows along with Calvinisms doctrine of Total Depravity. Although the NHC falls along the lines of Calvinism there are quite a few aspects of the doctrine they did not follow such as mans spiritual deadness, black minds dark hearts, and shackles to sin, as well as mans incapability to change. On the other hand, the FWB builds their faith upon the presupposition that God gives every man free will. FWB believe that although this free will caused men to fall that by the alike free will men can choose to change their present state by Christ.The FWB anthropology is closely linked within their outlook on Christology, with its focus on Atonement of Jesus. Atonement The NHB hold strongly to the foundation of full reconciliation. The NHB believe that atone was a two part concept which involved a universal and a limited area. The universal part took the stance that Christ atonement was sufficient for the salvation all humankind. The limited a rea was efficient for plainly the elect of God. NHB held that Christ knew whom He was giving His life for, and these few were by far and large secure in their salvation.The FWB held a special place in the confession of faith when speaking of salvation. The idea can be summed up in the following words The call of the Gospel is co-extensive with the atonement to all me, present by word and the striving of the Spirit, so that salvation is rendered equally possible to all and if any fail of eternal life, the fault is wholly his own. The FWB held to the tone men would be changed to a point where they would be able to choose for themselves salvation. When Christ gave His life this supplied the salvation to those that would believe, but the atonement would not be utilize to this salvation.The only way the application of Christs atonement would be placed on a man once he believed in Christ as lord and savior then through the Spirit the atonement would apply to this person. The Influenc e of the Holy Spirit NHB hold fast to the belief that Gods grace begins the regeneration operate through the workings of the Holy Spirit within the person. The gift is given freely to those who choose a relationship with God. God decrees in order for galore(postnominal) people to hear the word of God and thus hear of salvation to all that would accept this call by the Holy Spirit.The NHB also adhere to the particular that those who will continue to reject the promoting of the Spirit upon their hearts would not be forced to live for God. One of the doctrines of the HNB would follow that God does not care to follow people in this way. FWB have an outlook such that to say God loves those of His elect different than those outside His elect would strike up an argument. The FWB believe Gods atonement is equal for all people and therefore His calling upon the hearts of man are equal.God would place people in places where they are faced with the finis to call upon Him for atonement but the actual turning away from self and acceptance of atonement is men alone. God cannot choose the right decision or the wrong decision in the doctrine of the FWB. Perseverance of the Saints The NHB like any other denomination will follow its doctrines to their logical conclusions. Believing is wrought in our souls because of the regenerating Spirit of Gods work within His elect is wholly of grace then the preservation of those elect in a state of salvation is exclusively based on the power of God.If God wants, you saved then you will be saved. On the other hand, the FWB hold fast to their doctrine to which if the act of believe comes from a mans few will then his choice to remain in the salvation state is also from his free will. A blurb from their doctrine defines it all the way future obedience and final salvation are neither determined nor certain, since through infirmity and manifold temptation they are in danger of falling. The Sacraments The NHB state in their confession th ere are only two ordinances they hold to. The first being the Baptism and the second being the Lords Supper.However, the FWB also holds the Lords Supper and the Baptism of its members but adds a third, which is swear out the feet of the Saints. Conclusion In conclusion of the findings between these two different groups is very clear. The doctrines to which govern these groups are first and for most deep-rooted, and secondly quite different. It would be provoke at the very least to see a debate between these groups. It is quite clear the Free Will Baptist doctrine focus is centered on the man. The man makes up his own mind, the man continues to follow his own decision or not.This idea of man focused is can be seen not only in Christianity but also in new age and many other religions worldwide. While on the other hand the focus of the New Hampshire Baptist is solely, focus on God. Their entire doctrine is focused on a position of humility, peace, love, and joy from the man towards h is creator. Though both have their many differences, the bottom line is both were different from the norm of their time and were hunted because they sought many differences from the power of the state-church at that time.

Development as a Leader

leaders refers to a process through which a any(prenominal)body influences others to accomplish a specific objective and directs the ecesis in a way such that it nominates it lots more cohesive and coherent. This process can be carried out by leaders through applying their leadership attri justes which include beliefs, knowledge, values and skills.A position of some champion as a manager, supervisor among others, may make one have the authority to accomplish some travails and given set objectives in an geological formation, this however does non make one to be a leader. It may make one a boss. Leadership would make the followers aim to achieve much higher goals rather than just directing people around. What regularises leadership is the typeface coupled with willingness to serve and sacrifice purely for the sake of the comp either or organization.There atomic number 18 various theories that explain how someone is seeming to become a leader. or so of the basic theories are as followTrait hypothesis.There are people who believe that leaders are born. The theory basically centers on this incidentor. There are specific traits that may be common among al the leaders. Therefore it is a belief that they are born with these characteristics. These characters are usually referred to as the qualities of a easily leader. Therefore the theory defines what qualities that a good leader should have rather than looking at the quality of work that one has achieved. It whole bases on the fact that if one is a leader then he should have these leadership traitsBehavioral TheoryHere the group of expert dwelt on what the leaders had done in relation to their followers. The theory groups various different forms of behavior that leaders possess towards their followers in sections which includeParticipative leadership Directive leadership Task orient People oriented Contingency theoryThe theory of contingency takes into consideration the weaknesses of the trait theory a nd the behavioral theory. Leadership is always a dynamic situation therefore it can only be dianoetic to say that different traits and names work in different situations. This theory puts into consideration the direct of context. The buns to the approach is due to the variety of cogitates that determine whether a leader can become active or not. Therefore defining ones leadership then a greater consideration on the style and traits are best within the given situation.Transformation theoryTransformation theory defines a leader as change agent. a leader is vied as someone who is likely to indoctrinate change. A leader is looked through the follower. There are three ways through which a leader can make changes to the followersIncreasing the level of wittingness about the value of work and how to attain the fitEnabling the team to be focused towards the bigger goals of a given unit and not just man-to-man goals.Giving the followers the motivation into towards a higherorder need, for instance, basing on Maslows Hierarchy of Needs.Charisma is viewed as an important aspect of the theory. It is a belief that charisma is satisfactory to affect the followers through stirring their strong senses of emotion and enabling followers to associate with their leaders. Transformation leadership has got five pillars namely stimulation, team buil clamourg, inspiration, train and vision. When the five are combined then the results are always tremendous.Nahavandi (2003) similarly suggests that there are transformational leadership factors which include intellectual stimulation that compels one to produce newfound ideas coupled with empowerment, inspiration together with charisma to overcome every form of resistance to change. The other factors are item-by-item incentives and the consideration to be adequate to motivate and give the followers the needed encouragement.Weaknesses of Trait TheoryResearchers are said to subjectively decide the type of traits that are import ant. So far there is no definitive list of trait that has been published. To add on that, traits have never been shown to give quality results that are desired in organizations therefore this has proved to be a major weakness. It is as well as hard to train future leaders due to the existence of the theory. There is always the acceptance of the belief that qualification is bestowed upon someone at the moment of conception, a fact that can be misleading.Weaknesses of contingency theoryThe theory does not explain the reason as to why individuals are likely to be more effective in various situations than others. When there is a mismatch that might exist between the leader and the situation there has to be an explanation to this, the theory does not provide the explanation. Leaders who are more effective are likely to be promoted or moved to handle new roles which may not fit them basing on the strength and the level of performance in the roles they play.Weaknesses of Transformation t heoryAccording to Vries (1994), this type of leadership is likely to fail due to the Faust syndrome, a situation whereby the leader feels that he or she has already achieved almost everything and nothing more is left to be achieved, the false connection whereby the followers are not equal to(p) to respond appropriately to the reality of the fact. They become people who can only accept anything due to the leadership fear. Leaders are afraid of any form of betrayal response from the followers.Unrealistic expectations about a vision, depending too much on leaders, disenfranchisement of leaders of the next levels of managers because of the strong influence and the limitations of the leaders. Transformation theory also shows that effective leaders require charismatic leadership and instrumental leadership that mainly focus on the management teams, control and the mechanisms of rewards.The role of leadership in businessAn increase in the rate of change in the business sector is one of th e main factors in the current emphasis on leadership. Sometimes bet on the managers were supposed to maintain the status quo to be suitable to move ahead. Increased levels of the new forces within the market place have made it necessary to widen the narrow focus. Visionary leaders are the new leaders of tomorrow. They are both teachers and learners. These are the kind of individuals who are able to foresee paradigm changes but still have very strong sense work ethics and can easily build integrity within their organization.Raymond Cattell (1945) developed an equation cognise as Leadership Potential Equation which has used to date to determine the traits that determine some the traits that characterize an effective leader. They include the followingEmotional constancy Eligible leaders should be able to overcome stress and frustration. Generally, they have to be well-adjusted and psychologically mature to handle any form of task they are required to handle.Dominance Leaders are to be competitive and decisive. They should enjoy overcoming obstacles. The generally need to be assertive in thinking and posses good locating when dealing with others.Enthusiasm In most cases, leaders are supposed to be seen in active form, expressive and full of energy. They have to be quick and raffish and inhibited.Conscientiousness Leaders are usually possessed with a sense of duty and tend always tend to be exerting in their sense character. They posses high levels of duty and an inward desire to perform to the maximum. Self-discipline is one other trait that they have.Social boldness Great leaders are spontaneous takers of risks. They are socially hard-hitting and thin-skinned. Generally, they are responsive to others and usually they are very high in emotional stamina.Tough-mindedness Effective leaders are highly practical in nature, logical and are usually to the point. To some extend they tend to be low in sentimental attachment and are not moved with criticism. They be come insensitive to hardship and they are generally very much poised.Self-assurance Resiliency and a sense of self-confident are some of the common traits of the leaders. They are very withdraw of guilt and they tend to have little or even no need for approval. They tend to be generally free and quite free from any form of guilt and are generally unaffected because of past mistakes and failures.Compulsiveness Leaders have to be controlled and highly precise in their social interactions. Generally, they have to be very much protective of their own integrity and that of the organization they serve. They have to jealously guard the reputation in addition being socially aware and careful, highly abundant in foresight and cautious when making decisions or even while determining some specific actions.Leadership and Gender perspectiveHistory has always move to make many believe that leadership is a traditionally masculine activity. However observations have been made that if women in som e organizations can emerge as leaders, it is crucial that they are perceived as influential and motivate individuals. Research carried out way back in 1970s indicated that there was too much gender bias regarding the achievement of women in the business sector. However, in contrast, Charles & Joel (1980) were able to observe that the likelihood that the female would be able to emerge as leaders increased steadily as the number of women increased.Currently leadership qualities can be possessed by any individual irrespective of the gender. What one needs is the ability to accomplish the challenges that are involved. Other researches have shown that women amount to almost half of the labour force. Though they go to the Universities in large numbers, they fill disproportionately a very small percentage of the senior positions of leadership. According to Charles and Joel (1980), women can bring a very different perspective towards business problems through enhancement of creativity. It i s for this reason that promoting women can be a vital and strategic move in fostering development. Many people have always assumed gender deflection before making any form of research.Leadership EthicsLeaders conduct and character are always under a microscope. The aspect of influence of leadership refers to enacting on the lives of the followers. Leaders therefore have to be ethical enough. The values of a leader can always be equated to the values of the organization. It is always stated that the need for leadership morals are mandatory in the 21st century. This is actually an integral to leadership, and not just an optional add-on. The definitions of ethical leadership, however, rely on the perception of an individual and not on empirically tested theories this is because a concrete body of research has not been produced yet.Leadership, corporate culture and Personal valuesAny one that would wish to contract for the organizational improvement must always deal with cultural and behavioral obstacles to change. The attempts to organizational change must consider the three key features of the life of the organizationThe culture of the firm Leadership of change effort The exiting network of power.In dealing with the organizational culture, the management must work with the present culture to be able to transform the organization. It does not matter whether the cultures changes is secondary the most vital thing is to improve the level of performance of the company. Leadership plays an integral dissolve in dealing with culture. Leadership has to take a given direction in order to be able to handle the culture of the organization. Based on the resent research, the top management must lead the effort of change. There are also key leadership actions that are likely to assist din helping those efforts to succeed. Goals can only be accomplished within the organizations mainly through the use of power and politics. So it is almost obvious that changing an organizatio n requires some use of intelligence.Leadership and InfluenceMost efficient leaders should be able to combine different forms of leading styles. They should not be bogged down by the thought and some of the related models they once learned but should round-the-clockly observe various changes I the environment together with the state of the organization. Through doing this they will be able to look for the best instruments of influence for each given situation. With this kind of leadership, there is need for an open mind and the promptness to renew oneself on a basis that is very much continuous. The kind of leaders who are continuously developing themselves and are quick to find right channels to influence, are usually outlay the weight in gold in any given networked society. These are the kind of individuals who constitute the highest element of competitiveness. However, it is, a little bit easier to encourage continuous learning coupled with the best application of novel approach es to any given situationReferencesCharles, T. & Joel Y. (1980). Leadership and Gender perspective. Ondeo Nalco Energy Services Longman Publishers.Nahavandi, R. (2003). Leadership theories and Practices. New Jersey apprentice Hall PublishersRaymond, C. (1945). The role of leadership in business. University of Michigan Climax Molybdenum Company Publishers.Vries, D. (1994). Weaknesses of Leadership theories. Paris Barnes & Noble Publishers.

Electronic Document Preparation And Management Essay

An Operating System (OS) is a collection of softw atomic number 18 that manages figurer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer system. industry programs require an operating system to function.An Application Software, also known as an application or an app, is computer software designed to help the user to come specific tasks. Examples include enterprise software, accounting software, office suites, graphics software and media players. Many application programs deal principally with documents.WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON OPERATING system of rules AND THE MOST COMMON APPLICATION SOFTWARE?Operating SystemThe two just about commonly used operating systems are Windows XP and Windows Vista. If you consider all versions of Windows to be the same product, then the most know about operating systems are windows and mac OS X but Linux is used more than mac.So the two most used operati ng systems are windows and mac. Microsoft even said that Linux is more of a threat than mac.Application SoftwareMicrosoft Office suite, in particular Word is genuinely widely used. Other common applications on personal computers are Adobe Photoshop, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Sahara. Increasingly, software is being run on remote servers there are network version of some of Microsoft Office, but services such as Facebook, Twitter and so on are application programs that run, largely, on remote servers.WHAT IS THE DIFFRENCE surrounded by COMMUNICATION DEVICES AND COMMUNICATION MEDIA?Communication Media and Communication Devices deliver messages to a receiver or audience. Communication media can be referred to as media because a common translation for media inherently includes its purpose in communication. Media is the means of communication, such as radio and television, newspapers, and magazines, that reach or influence people widely, according to Dictionary, an online reference site.Communication devices are the tools used by senders and receivers to deliver and receive message. More specifically, Communication devices route and transmit information to various devices, including radio and telephone systems, according to GlobalSpec. Common examples of communication devices noted by GlobalSpec include telephones, cellular phones, wireless and GPS technology systems, radios and transmitters. Specific applications used in conjunction with physical and hardware devices also are noted as communication devices. These tools include various communication software applications, magnetic receivers, transmitters, and switchboards.BIBLIOGRAPHY* Ceruzzi, Paul E. (2000). A History of Modern Computing. Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press. impinging http//en.wikipedia.org. * Bic, Lubomur F. Shaw, Alan C. (2003). Operating Systems. Pearson Prentice Hall. Link http//en.wikipedia.org.mark Screen 1Fig 1. The first print screen showing that the file was attached in my yahoo e-mail ac countPrint Screen 2Fig 2. Print screen showing when the document was sent

Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development Essay

Kohlbergs six stages can be more generally sort out into three levels of two stages each pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional. Following Piagets constructivist requirements for a stage model, as described in his theory of cognitive development, it is extremely elevated to regress in stagesto lose the use of higher stage abilities. Stages cannot be skipped each provides a new and necessary perspective, more comprehensive and differentiated than its predecessors besides integrated with them.Level 1 (Pre- stately)1. Obedience and punishment orientation(How can I avoid punishment?)2. Self-interest orientation(Whats in it for me?)(Paying for a benefit)Level 2 (Conventional)3. Interpersonal conformance of rights and conformity(Social norms)(The good boy/girl attitude)4. Authority and social- effect maintaining orientation(Law and order chasteity)Level 3 (Post-Conventional)5. Social cartel orientation6. Universal honorable principles(Principled conscience)The understa nding gained in each stage is retained in later stages, but may be regarded by those in later stages as simplistic, lacking in sufficient attention to detail.Pre-conventionaleditThe pre-conventional level of moral conclude is especially common in children, although adults can also disclose this level of reasoning. Reasoners at this level judge the morality of an action by its direct consequences. The pre-conventional level consists of the first and second stages of moral development, and is solely concerned with the self-importance in an egocentric manner. A child with preconventional morality has not yet adoptedor internalized societys conventions regarding what is right or wrong, but preferably focuses largely on external consequences that certain actions may bring.In Stage one (obedience and punishment driven), individuals focus on the direct consequences of their actions on themselves. For example, an action is perceived as morally wrong because the perpetrator is punished. T he last time I did that I got spanked so I will not do it again. The worse the punishment for the act is, the more bad the act is perceived to be.16 This can give rise to an inference that even innocent victims are guilty in residual to their suffering. It is egocentric, lacking recognition that others points of view are different from ones deliver.There is deference to superior power or prestige.Stage two (self-interest driven) espouses the whats in it for me position, in which right behavior is defined by whatever the individual believes to be in their best interest but understood in a narrow way which does not consider ones reputation or relationships to groups of volume. Stage two reasoning shows a limited interest in the needs of others, but only to a point where it might further the individuals own interests. As a result, concern for others is not order on loyalty or intrinsic respect, but rather a You scratch my back, and Ill scratch yours. mentality. The lack of a soci etal perspective in the pre-conventional level is quite different from the social charter (stage five), as all actions have the purpose of serving the individuals own needs or interests. For the stage two theorist, the worlds perspective is often seen as morally relative.ConventionaleditThe conventional level of moral reasoning is typical of adolescents and adults. To reason in a conventional way is to judge the morality of actions by comparing them to societys views and expectations. The conventional level consists of the third and fourth stages of moral development. Conventional morality is characterized by an acceptance of societys conventions concerning right and wrong. At this level an individual obeys rules and follows societys norms even when there are no consequences forobedience or disobedience. Adherence to rules and conventions is somewhat rigid, however, and a rules appropriateness or fairness is seldom questioned.789In Stage three (interpersonal accord and conformity d riven), the self enters society by filling social roles. Individuals are receptive to approval or disapproval from others as it reflects societys accordance with the perceived role. They try to be a good boy or good girl to live up to these expectations, having learned that there is inherent pass judgment in doing so. Stage three reasoning may judge the morality of an action by evaluating its consequences in terms of a persons relationships, which without delay begin to include things like respect, gratitude and the golden rule. I want to be liked and thought well of apparently, not being naughty makes people like me. Desire to maintain rules and authority exists only to further support these social roles. The intentions of actors play a more significant role in reasoning at this stage one may feel more forgiving if one thinks, they mean well In Stage four (authority and social order obedience driven), it is important to obey laws, dictums and social conventions because of their i mportance in maintaining a functioning society. Moral reasoning in stage four is thus beyond the need for individual approval exhibited in stage three. A central ideal or ideals often prescribe what is right and wrong. If one person violates a law, perhaps everyone would thus there is an obligation and a duty to uphold laws and rules. When someone does violate a law, it is morally wrong culpability is thus a significant factor in this stage as it reprints the bad domains from the good ones. Most active members of society remain at stage four, where morality is silent predominantly dictated by an outside force.Post-ConventionaleditThe post-conventional level, also known as the principled level, is marked by a growing realization that individuals are separate entities from society, and that the individuals own perspective may take precedence over societys view individuals may disobey rules inconsistent with their own principles.Post-conventional moralists live by their own ethical principles principles that typically include such basic human rights as life, liberty, and justice. People who exhibit post-conventional morality view rules as useful but changeable mechanisms ideally rules can maintain the general social order and protect human rights. Rules are not absolute dictates that mustiness be obeyed without question. Because post-conventional individuals elevate their own moral evaluation of a situation over social conventions, their behavior, especially at stage six, can be confused with that of those at the pre-conventional level.Some theorists have speculated that many people may never reach this level of abstract moral reasoning.789In Stage five (social contract driven), the world is viewed as holding different opinions, rights and values. Such perspectives should be mutually respected as unique to each person or community. Laws are regarded as social contracts rather than rigid edicts. Those that do not promote the general welfare should be change d when necessary to meet the greatest good for the greatest add together of people.8 This is achieved through majority decision and inevitable compromise. Democratic government is ostensibly based on stage five reasoning.In Stage six (universal ethical principles driven), moral reasoning is based on abstract reasoning using universal ethical principles. Laws are valid only insofar as they are grounded in justice, and a commitment to justice carries with it an obligation to disobey unjust laws. Legal rights are unnecessary, as social contracts are not essential for deontic moral action. Decisions are not reached hypothetically in a conditional way but rather categorically in an absolute way, as in the philosophical system of Immanuel Kant. This involves an individual imagining what they would do in anothers shoes, if they believed what that other person imagines to be true.The resulting consensus is the action taken. In this way action is never a representation but always an end i n itself the individual acts because it is right, and not because it avoids punishment, is in their best interest, expected, legal, or previously agreed upon. Although Kohlberg insisted that stage six exists, hefound it difficult to identify individuals who consistently operated at that level

How Do Economic Incentives Affect Social Preferences and Behavior Essay

For decades economic theories arrest relied heavily on the effectiveness of material inducings (Fehr & Gachter, 2001). jibe to the traditional exchange theory all nation atomic number 18 entirely motivated by their own material expediency. It predicts that the introduction of a penalty will skip the occurrence of the behavior that is subject to the fine. On the former(a) go by it states that introducing a material bonus will ace to an increase of the behavior related to the bonus.Based on economic theory, fillips have become increasingly fashionable and are used to increase certain behaviors in various fields including environmental policy (Andersen & Sprenger, 2000 Barde & Smith, 1997 Baumol & Oates, 1988 Kahn, 1995 all cited in ThOgersen, 2003), household surveys (Singer, 2002) and education policy (Fryer, 2011). On the former(a) side, penalties have been used to reduce free-riding (Feldman, Papadimitriou, Chuang, & Stoica, 2006), and crimes (Akerlof & Dickens, 1982). in that location is untold evidence that supports the basic premise of economics that inducings are effective (Gibbons, 1997 Prendergast, 1999 Lazear, 2000 all cited in Benabou & Tirole, 2004). However, a large body of literature in psychology has shown that explicit incentives lead to decreased need and reduced performance in the long run (Deci & Ryan, 1985 as cited in Benabou & Tirole, 2004). Titmuss (1970, as cited in Benabou & Tirole, 2004) was the first who claimed that people might adopt a market mentality when they are exposed to explicit economic incentives.He entrap that even offing blood donors for donating blood could actually reduce supply. In the beginning there was little hard evidence that cordial preferences affected person behavior, but empirical and theoretical advances over the past decades provide the basis for more support. For example, Gneezy and Rustichini (2000a) comprise that introducing a pecuniary fine for late-coming parents in day-care centers led to a signifi merchantmant increase in late-coming.There was no reduction in late-coming after the fine was upstage. Also Fryer (2011) didnt find evidence that providing financial incentives to teachers to increase student performance had any effect. Partly because of these findings, terms as trust, reciprocity, gift exchange and fairness have appeared in the empirical study and clay sculpture of principal- federal agent relationships (Bowles & Polania-Reyes, 2012). This highlights the importance of the influence that social preferences have on incentives.Based on the contradictions mentioned above I conclude that a more thorough analysis is undeniable in order to understand the influence of incentives on behavior. Ill focus on the interplay amongst incentives and social preferences and how this affects behavior. In this paper I will stinkervass several(prenominal) mechanisms that contribute explain how incentives can be less effective than economic theories predict and how t hey can eventide have counterproductive do. Furthermore I will indicate the implications of the (non-)effectiveness of incentives for economic policy.Overview of past research According to the definition of Bowles and Polania-Reyes (2012), social preferences refer to motives such as altruism, reciprocity, intrinsic pleasure in help others, inequity aversion, honourable commitments and other motives that induce people to help others more than would an own-material-payoff maximizing psyche (p. 4). Fehr and Fischbacher (2002) have indicated the most important types of preferences that have been uncovered by the literature. I will shortly review them below.The first important type of social preference is the preference for common fairness or reciprocity. An individual is reciprocal when he responds kindly to actions that are perceived as kind, and when he responds strange to actions that are perceived as hostile. Whether some action is perceived as hostile of kind depends on the unfairness or fairness of the intention and on the consequences that are associated with the action. A second social preference type is inequity aversion.According to Fehr and Schmidt (1999 as cited in Fehr & Fischbacher, 2002) inequity averse persons want to achieve an equitable distribution of material resources (p. C3). Inequity averse persons show altruistic behavior if the other persons payoffs are below an equitable level. However, if the other persons payoffs are exceeding the equitable level an inequity averse person want to decrease the other persons payoffs. There are a lot of similarities in the behavior of reciprocal and inequity averse individuals, since twain concepts depend in some manner on the experience of fairness.Pure altruism is the third type of social preference, which is very different from the former two. Altruism can be seen as an unconditional form of kindliness (Fehr & Fischbacher, 2002), as an altruistic person would never take an action that decreas es another persons payoff. The problem with pure altruism is that it cannot explain conditional cooperation, that is, people want to increase their voluntary cooperation in response to cooperation of others. The last social preference type that Fehr and Fischbacher (2002) mentioned is envious or spiteful preferences.An envious or spiteful person always values the payoff of other agents negatively. Therefore the envious person is willing to decrease the other agents payoff even if it brings along a personal cost to himself. This happens irrespective of fair or unfair behavior of the other agent and irrespective of the pay-off distribution (Fehr & Fischbacher, 2002). However, spitefulness cant explain why it is that the same individuals sometimes are willing to help others at a personal cost, while sometimes they harm other people.Over the past decades, many studies have confirmed that a significant fraction of individuals engage in reciprocal or altruistic behaviors (Buraschi & Corn elli, 2002 as cited in Benabou & Tirole, 2004 Fehr & Gachter, 2000). Thus, many individuals do not still care ab out the material resources allocated to them, but also care about material resources allocated to other relevant agents. To violate an overview of the incentive effects on preferences, two distinctions are made the nature and the causes of incentives (Bowles & Polania-Reyes, 2012).Concerning the nature of incentives, people often respond to the mere presence of incentives, rather than to their limit (Gneezy, 2003 as cited in Bowles & Polania-Reyes, 2012). However, the extent of an incentive whitethorn also play a role. Therefore the effects of incentives on social preferences can be each categorical or marginal or a combination of the two. Bowles and Polania-Reyes (2012) also refer a distinction between 2 causes of incentive effects on preferences. First, incentives can affect the environment in which preferences are learned. When this happens, the preferences are re ferred to as endogenous preferences.Second, the extent or presence of incentives affect the behavioral salience of an individuals social preferences. When incentives constitute different states, we refer to social preferences as state-dependent preferences. There are three mechanisms that make social preferences state-dependent. First, by implementing an incentive, the principal discloses education about his intentions, about his beliefs about the target of the incentives and about the targeted behavior. This information might affect the agents social preferences which in turn affect the agents behavior.Second, incentives provide situational cues for appropriate behavior. Finally, incentives may lead to a displace out of intrinsic motivations. The herd-out effect is based on the intuition that the presence of punishments or rewards spoils the reputational value of total deeds. This creates doubt within the individual about the extent to which he performed because of the incentive s rather than for himself. This phenomenon is also referred to as the overjustification effect (Lepper, Greene, & Nisbett, 1973 as cited in Benabou & Tirole, 2004).In the next part of this paper Ill give examineal evidence for both endogenous preferences and for all 3 mechanisms that make preferences incentive-state-dependent. Furthermore, Ill give examples of tests where move in has been found and explain the underlying mechanisms. 1. Endogenous preferences incentives alter how new preferences are learned Preferences are endogenous if someones experiences lead to perpetual changes in motivations and eventually result in a change in behavior in certain situations (Bowles, 2008).In most cases, experiments have a hardly a(prenominal) hours duration and therefore its unlikely to uncover the mechanisms that are touch in the process of durable change of preferences. Although its hard to explore the causal mechanisms at work, there exist some experiments that do show a durable learn ing effect (Irlenbausch & Sliwka, 2005 Falkinger, Fehr, Gachter, & Winter-Ebmer, 2000 all cited in Bowles, 2008). Gneezy and Rustichini (2000a), for example, examined if the introduction of a monetary fine for late-coming parents in day-care centers would lead to reduction of late-coming.However, the amount of late-coming parents didnt decrease, but increased significantly. Thus incentives led to more self-interested behavior. More importantly, after the fine was removed no reduction in late-coming parents was shown, meaning that there was some durable learning effect divergence on. 2. State-dependent preferences incentives provide information about the principal When an incentive is oblige on an agent, he may infer information about the principal who designed the incentive.He may, for example, infer information about the principals beliefs regarding the agent, and about the nature of the task that has to be done (Fehr & Rockenbach, 2003). This information can lead to a negative r esponse to fines that are enforce by principals. Fehr and Rockenbach (2003) designed a sequentially compete social dilemma experiment and examined how sanctions intended to prevent cheating affect human altruism. Participants in the role of investor could transfer a certain amount of money to another instrumentalist, the trustee.The experimenter tripled this amount. After tripling the money, the trustee was given the opportunity to back-transfer some of this money to the investor. The investor could indicate a coveted level of the back-transfer before he transferred the money to the trustee. In the incentive-condition the investor even had the option to impose a fine if the trustee would send a back-transfer that was less than the in demand(p) amount. Instead of imposing a fine the investor could also hire to crepuscule the use of the fine.The decision of imposing or declining the fine was known to the trustee. In the trust-condition the investor could not make use of incentiv es. Fehr and Rockenbach (2003) found that generous initial transfers by investors were reciprocated with greater back-transfers by trustees. However, the use of the fine reduced the return transfers, while renouncing the fine in the incentive-condition increased back-transfers. This means that sanctions revealing selfish or greedy intentions destroy altruistic cooperation almost completely (Fehr & Rockenbach, 2003).In another experiment by Fehr and Schmidt (2007), principals could contain between offering a bonus contract or a combination contract (which was a combination of the bonus contract with a fine) to the employee. What they found was that agents perceive that principals who are less fair are more likely to choose a have contract and are less likely to pay the announced bonus. Furthermore the effect of effort on the bonus paid is twice as large in the pure bonus condition compared to the combined contract condition. The positive response to the principals renunciation of t he fine option can be seen as a categorical effect.The threat of a fine led to diminishment of the trustees reciprocity. 3. State-dependent preferences incentives may suggest permissible behavior The experiments that will be described here, differ from the experiments mentioned above in the way that here incentives are enforced exogenously by the experimenter. This means that incentives do not provide any information about the beliefs or intentions of other experimental subjects. In a lot of situations people look for clues of appropriate behavior. These are often provided by incentives. These skeletal frame effects have been investigated in many studies.Hoffman, McCabe, Shachat and Smith (1994 as cited in Bowles & Polania-Reyes, 2012) found that by making a game sound more competitive after relabeling it, generosity and fair-minded behavior in the participants were diminished. In some other studies (Ellingsen, Johannesson, Munkhammar, & Mollerstrom, 2008 as cited in Bowles & Pola nia-Reyes, 2012) the framing effect even appeared to have changed subjects beliefs about the actions of others. Framing effects can also be generate in other ways than simply renaming the experiment. Providing an incentive may already provide a powerful frame for the decision maker.In an experiment of Schotter, Weiss and Zapater (1996) subjects played an Ultimatum Game experiment in which player 1 is given an endowment and asked to propose a part of this endowment to player 2. Player 2 can either accept or reject this division. If he accepts, the proposed division is apply. However, if he rejects both players receive nothing. Schotter et al (1996) found that if a market-like competition was included in the game, that is, subjects with lower earnings would be excluded from the second round in the game, player 1 proposed less generous divisions to player 2.Furthermore, lower offers were accepted by player 2. The authors interpreted these results as that implementing market-like comp etition offers justifications for actions that in isolation would be unjustifiable (p. 38). Thus, providing incentives in the form of a competition can lead to moral disengagement. The framing effects of incentives can occur in cases of government-imposed incentives as well. An example comes from an experiment from Cardenas, Stranlund and Willis (2000) where they studied the effects of external regulatory control of environmental quality.Participants were asked to choose how much time they would spend collecting firewood from a forest, while macrocosm aware that this activity has a negative effect on local water quality. ii treatments were considered to examine whether external control may crowd out meeting-oriented behavior. All subjects played eight initial rounds of the game without any treatment, that is, without being able to eliminate with each other and without external regulation. After the initial rounds, one subset of separates played additional rounds in which they w ere able to circulate.The other subset of groups was confronted with a government-imposed regulation. The regulation also involved the possibility of imposing a fine to subjects that would withdraw too much of the firewood. Although standard economic theory predicted that the regulation would increase group-oriented behavior, this wasnt the case. When subjects were able to communicate they made way more efficient decisions. However, regulatory external control caused subjects to make decisions that were closer to their self-interest.This means that the fine, although it was insufficient to enforce the social optimum, extinguished the subjects ethical aptitudes. 4. State-dependent preferences incentives may compromise intrinsic motives and self-determination A third reason why social preferences may be state dependent is because providing incentives may lead to motivational crowding out. As Bowles (2008) put it where people derive pleasure from an action per se in the absence of oth er rewards, the introduction of explicit incentives may overjustify the activity and reduce the individuals sense of autonomy (p. 607).According to Deci (1975 as cited in Bowles, 2008) the underlying psychological mechanism appears to be a appetite for feelings of competence and self-determination that are associated with intrinsically motivated behavior (p. 1607). There is a large body of literature on the psychology of intrinsic motivations going back to the early work of Festinger (1957 as cited in ThOgersen, 2003) and his cognitive dissonance theory. In the past decades a lot of experiments have been done to test the crowding out of intrinsic motivation.One of these studies comes from Gneezy & Rustichini (2000b) who tested the effects of monetary incentives on student performance. 180 students were asked to answer 50 questions of an IQ test. They were all paid 60 NIS (New Israeli Shekel) for their participation in the experiment. The students were divided into 4 different group s, which were all corresponding to 4 different treatments. The students in the first treatment group were only asked to answer as many questions as possible. The students in the second group got an extra payment of 10 cents of a NIS per question that they answered correctly.Subjects in the third group were promised 1 NIS, and subjects in the fourth group 3 NIS per question that they answered correctly. The average number of questions correctly was approximately 28 in the first group and declined to 23 in the second group. Furthermore, the number increased to 34 in both the third and the fourth group. The differences in performance were significant. In a second experiment Gneezy & Rustichini (2000b) tested the effect of incentives on volunteer work performed by high school children. 180 children were divided into three groups.The subjects in the first group make up the control group and they were only given a speech about the importance of volunteer work. The second group was given a speech as well, but was also promised to receive 1 per cent of the total amount of donations poised. The third group was promised 10 per cent of the amount collected. The average amount collected was highest in the first group and lowest in the second group. The average amount that was collected by the third group was higher than that of the second group but not as high of the amount that was collected in the first group.Also these results were significant. It appears to indicate that the effect of incentives can be detrimental, at to the lowest degree for small amounts. In another experiment, Falk and Kosfeld (2006 as cited in Bowles 2008) tested the idea that control aversion based on the self-determination motive is the reason that incentives reduce performance. They used a principal-agent game where agents could choose a level of production that was beneficial for the principal, but costly for themselves. If the agent chose to produce nothing, he would get a maximal pay-off. Before the agents decision the principal could decide to leave the choice f production level completely to the agent or to impose a certain lower bound on the agents production level.The experimenter varied the bounds across the treatments and the principal could only choose to impose it or not. Results showed that when the principal imposed the bound, the agents chose a lower production level than when the principal didnt impose a bound. The untrusting principals earned half of the profits of those who did trust the agents and thus didnt impose a bound. In post-surveys, the agents indicated that imposing the lower bound was perceived as a signal of distrust.The results of this experiment suggest that the desire for self-determination and control aversion are not the only effects of imposing the bound. Imposing this minimum was informative for the agents about what the principals beliefs were regarding the agents the principals who imposed the bounds had lower expectations of the agents. Thus, the results in the experiment of Falk and Kosfeld (2006 as cited in Bowles 2008) seem to be the result of both negative information about the principal (or incentive designer) as well as the result of self-determination. 5. Crowding inAlthough a lot of experiments show that providing incentives has a negative effect on social preferences, there is also some evidence that crowding in can occur, that is, social preferences and incentives enhance the effect on each other. This might happen when an incentive provides good news about the principals type or intentions, for example when he offers the agent a reward rather than a fine. It is also seen in experiments where the incentive designers are peers in a public goods game who pay to punish free riders in order to sustain cooperative behavior (Bowles & Polania-Reyes, 2012).The phenomenon of crowding in is interesting since it indicates how policies could be implemented optimally and how incentives and social preferences c ould become complements rather than substitutes (Bowles & Polania-Reyes, 2012). Besides that, it appears that crowding in happens often in Public Goods games and super acid Pool Resources games, which display the same characteristics as public policy settings. Below Ill give an example of an experiment in which crowding in was found.Fehr and Gachter (2000) conducted a public good experiment with and without the opportunity to punish. In the no-punishment treatment the dominant strategy is complete free-riding. In the punishment treatment free-riders could be punished by their altruistic peers, since it was costly for them to punish. Therefore, if there were only selfish individuals, as assumed in economic theory, there wouldnt be a difference between the two treatments. However, in the no-punishment treatment the contributions of the players were substantially lower than in the punishment treatment.This suggests that powerful motives drive the punishments of free-riders. Furthermor e there was evidence that the more free-riders deviated from cooperation, the more they were being punished. There are several mechanisms that can explain the effect of crowding in. In the first place when a peer imposes a fine on a free-rider, this may activate a feeling of shame. Barr (2001 as cited in Bowles & Polania-Reyes, 2012) found that just a verbal message of disapproval already can have a positive effect on the free riders contributions.A second mechanism that appears to be at work it that nobody wants to be the partner in crime while all others are defecting. Shinada and Yamagishi (2007, as cited in Bowles & Polania-Reyes, 2012) found that students cooperated more in a public goods experiment when they were assured that defecting free-riders would be punished. They just didnt want to be exploited by defectors. A third mechanism underlying crowding in was consistent with the findings of an experiment by Vertova and Galbiati (2010, as cited in Bowles & Polania-Reyes, 2012 ).They found that when a stated obligation was introduced, this produced a larger effect when it was accompanied with a small monetary incentive, rather than with a big incentive or than when no incentives were offered. The authors interpreted this phenomenon as that the salience of the stated obligation is enhanced by large explicit incentives. The latter phenomenon was also found in Ireland, where a small tax was imposed on plastic grocery bags (Rosenthal, 2008 as cited in Bowles & Polania-Reyes, 2012). After two weeks there was a 94% decline in the use of these bags.This result can be explained by the fact that the introduction of the tax was preceded by a large publicity campaign. Thus, the incentive was implemented jointly with a message of social obligation and it seems that it served as a reminder of the importance of ones civic duty. Implications for policy Many policies are based on the self-interest hypothesis that predicts that all individuals are self-regarding. However, as we have seen social preferences play an important role as well when it comes brush up to behavior. This would mean that a lot of current policies are non-optimal.Therefore a big challenge is facing the mechanism designer how to design optimal fines, taxes or subsidies when the individuals responses depend on his preferences which in turn are determined by the incentive imposed? In most experiments the effects of incentives were studies and later the mechanisms were identified that could explain the results. However, one of the problems that the designer is facing is that he must determine beforehand how incentives will affect behavior. Based on the experiments that have been done, several guidelines can be drawn.The first is that when crowding out is found, social preferences and incentives are substitutes. This means that a negative effect of incentives is less likely to be found when the social preferences are minimal. In contrast, when social preferences are prevalent among a society, it may be more convenient to reduce the use of incentives. Also, policies that are implemented in order to enhance social preferences will be more effective when incentives are little used. The second stems from Titmusss claim that if the crowding out effect is so strong that the incentive has an opposite effect than intended, incentives should be used less.However, in many cases the effectiveness of incentives is not reversed, but blunted and therefore the implications for the optimal use of incentive isnt that obvious (Bowles & Hwang, 2008). How Bowles & Hwang (2008) state it the reduced effectiveness of the incentive associated with crowding out would entail a larger incentive for a planner designing a subsidy to ensure compliance with a quantitative target (p. 4). Present evidence is insufficient in providing comely guidelines to the policy maker who wants to know ex ante what the effects are of the incentives that he considers to implement (Bowles & Polania-Reyes, 2012).What we do know is that the same incentives imposed by individuals who have no personal benefit but only want to promote pro-social behavior (as in the experiment of Fehr & Gachter, 2000) are more likely to increase contributions than when imposed by an untrusting principal (Fehr & Rockenbach, 2003). Furthermore it seems to be important to let the agent understand that the desired change in behavior would be socially beneficial rather than that the incentive is perceived as a threat to her autonomy or reflecting badly on the designers intentions (Bowles & Polania-Reyes, 2012). ConclusionThe self-interest hypothesis assumes that individuals are only motivated by their own material self-interest. This assumption is used in the design of many policies. However, in the past decades a lot of experiments have shown that other-regarding social preferences rather than self-regarding preferences play a role in behavior. We have seen that some mechanisms can induce pro-socially oriente d individuals to behave as they are selfish. On the other hand, there are also examples of experiments in which mechanisms induce self-interested individuals to behave at a more pro-social level.Thus, incentives can lead to both crowding out and crowding in phenomena. Whereas negative information about the principal and the over-justification effect may lead to crowding out of intrinsic motivation to contribute to a good, altruistic punishment by peers who do not benefit personally is more likely to increase contributions. Furthermore it seems important to make individuals aware of their civic duty, as was shown in Ireland where a small tax was imposed on plastic bags.Regarding to public policy, we have seen that small differences in institutional design can lead to many different outcomes. This imposes a big challenge on the policy designer who has to know ex ante what the effects of the incentive that he is considering to implement will be. When social preferences are not present, incentives may have a positive effect, predicted by economic theory. However, in areas where social preferences do play a role, the use of monetary incentives needs to be reconsidered.

M&S’s Business and Economic Environment

M&Ss aims and objectives argon to make bullion for shareholder and to improve their profit margins where and when ever possible. Their approach to reaching the aims and objectives are to form extremely attractive and inactive products for their customers that are of a high quality. As these products are of high of high quality not everyone can afford these products and are targeted at a slightly niche market (upper middle to upper class citizens).M&S also puddle a commitment called Plan A, in which they are devoted to environmental issues such as refusing to send waste to landfills and using alternatives methods of waste expendable such as recycling within the product line where possible and also externally, as well as unkeptering carbon emissions when possible. These things al first-class honours degree help them save money, however the main reasoning for these policies M&S have issued are to increase the their appeal in the eyes of the public, therefore making volume thin k that they are helping the environment if they shop with them. Which they are but only to a certain extent.These policies are in force as the government have fiscal and monetary policies that effect all businesses and the office they ope post, including M&S. An example of a fiscal policy would be bear tax incomeation, this can come in the form of corporation tax which is before long exercise set at 20%. The level of which corporation tax is set at can effect a business amplely, as if they are set low it convey that M&S wont have to pay as much interest on their profit and will have to a greater extent money to re-invest into the business. This could be into for example, hiring much rung as a result of an increase in demand. This means if M&S carried out hiring more staff alongside other businesses end-to-end the UK as a result of an increase of stimulation in the economy then the unemployment rate would drop.Giving people more disposable income to spend on higher quality g oods in such places at M&S, and further stimulating the economy. On the other hand if the corporation tax was set at a high level the businesses, including M&S, would have to pay out more of their profits to the government in order for them to pass off the economy running. This would then lead to M&S having less money to re-invest. Meaning it will be harder to expand maybe as much as theyd planned to. However if businesses are paying more in corporation tax then the government will most likely be needing it to stimulate the economy to encourage people to start spending.And will in turn increase the amount of business and sales that M&S will receive. So if the corporation tax is high it will be better for all businesses in the long run. The government also have a ceiling allowance which means that businesses can buy expensive machinery and are eligible to claim the tax jeopardize from those machines. This is so that because the tax on these machines will be at a relatively high pr ice and will encourage businesses to buy them and spend money. This would apply to M&S as they have the self-service machines that customer can scan and bag their own shopping if m is of the essence.The amount of tax on all of the machines that M&S have bought throughout all of their stores will add up to a large sum. So if they can get that money back it means that they will have more money to reinvest back into the business, creating more opportunities to make money and therefore generating more profit in order to meet their never-ending goal which is to make as much money as they can to keep the shareholder happy. This will also heavily apply to cavies, where M&S get all their score meals from. As they are a factory with countless machines they will be able to get a bursary from the government for the tax which they paid on the machines. This means that they will be able to sell their ready meals for a cheaper price which means M&S will save money (and will be hitting their aim s and objectives) alongside with their customers.Then as they are cheaper it will attract more sales resulting in more ready meals bought from cavies giving a come through win win situation to cavies and both M&S and their customers. The government also have monetary policies that will affect all businesses, and these include such things as interest rates. This is because the interest rate doesnt just affect businesses but every citizen of the UK. And this effects businesses in a big way because it has a direct link to how much money people and businesses receive back from the bank in return of banking with them. Currently the interest rate is at an all-time low of 0.5%, and has been stuck at this rate since 2009 because of the recession.The interest rate has been set this low so that it encourages people to take out loans and mortgages, as it means that people wont have to pay as much money back on their loan. This then has a ripple effect and will increase the amount of first tim e buyers to join the property ladder alongside other buyers that will sell and buy a more expensive house. This will have a huge affect on the housing industry and therefore also M&S as they have a largehome wares section that people will purchase new goods from to furnish their new homes with.However, on the other hand a low interest rate is very bad for people who are wanting to save and earn interest on their savings. Because if the interest is at 0.5 and someone has 10,000 in a savings account which will be no more than 1.2% at best then in a year they would only make 120 profit. This means that people wont have as much disposable income compared to if the interest rate was at its average 5 6% and people would be saving about basketball team times as much. And if the interest rates are low then large businesses like M&S wont invest their money into the banks that are in England, they will put them in offshore accounts in such places like China, which has an interest rate of 6% , or India with a rate of 7.25%.These countries have a high interest rate as they are up and coming countries ((NEDCs, (newly economically developed countries)) and have a high harvest-festival rate and show a promising return upon investment. Another monetary policy that would affect businesses would be the amount of capital allowance they allowed each citizen to have. This is currently set at 10,000, and if you earn under that amount you be taxed so that you can meet the national minimum standard of living. This then links back to more disposable income people have, as the more they have the more they are likely to spend, and the more chance that money will end up in M&S.It could go as far as someone who saved 200 in taxes and buying a new game locker of someone second hand and they could then repay a debt to someone, then they could spend that same 200 on a weekly shop at M&S. So no matter who saves money for what reason the direction of money is too unpredictable to even guess so saved up money will just as easily end up at M&S as anywhere else.

Explain how the mechanicals bring humour into the play Essay

The mechanicals in A midsummer shadows Dream are the group of inciteors that bring most of the comedy to the play. This is done by the mechanicals resembling the more unintelligent group out of the four featured in A summer solstice wickednesss Dream. In the book, the mechanicals are c all in alled the Clowns. This implies that they are al ways fooling about never getting any(prenominal) work done and maybe making people laugh. Maybe Shakespeare called them the Clowns because they convey most of the humour towards the interview in A Midsummer nighttimes Dream.However, the mechanicals play near the end of A Midsummer Nights Dream is a serious play where they do non mess around as they do in the rest of the book. This might suggest that the name Shakespeare gave to the frauds (Clowns) does not imply all that it is supposed to. From the start we establish that onlyt end takes his role as a leader and we notice that others waitress up to him as if they are respecting his autho rity. One of the characters names (Bottom) sounds rude now, but back when the play was first gear performed the word bottom meant courageous. break off Bottom comes across in A Midsummer Nights Dream as thunderous, friendly, and a little over-confident. He comes across to the other actors in the mechanicals as muted or dull, insecure and irritating (e. g. when Bottom wants to play all the parts in the play And I may hide my face, let me play Thisbe too Ill mouth in a inconclusive little voice). Bottom also says that he will play every part in their play flawlessly, and that he can act every single part. Instead, when Bottom is rehearsing his part in the play, he messes everything up (pronouncing words wrong Odious instead of odorous) and he forgets lines.In the end, he just plays Pyramus. The way the mechanicals bring humour into A Midsummer Nights Dream is mainly through Nick Bottom. Bottom is the fool in the play always getting things wrong. Bottom comes across as a little d umb maybe eccentric. He gets his words wrong, comes up with feeble ideas, and has a spell put option on him by Puck. The spell transforms Bottoms head into an asss head. I turn over it would convey more humour to A Midsummer Nights Dream by having Bottom transform into an ass entirely.Near the end of A Midsummer Nights Dream, in act 5 scene 1, the mechanicals act out their play. Many things bring humour into A Midsummer Nights Dream at this point. Peter Quince tells the audience that the social lion is not a lion, but Snug the joiner. The audience would know that the lion is not a real lion, as it is just everyday sense. When Snug is acting the part of the lion, Snug doesnt want to scare the audience so the actor roars as softly as he can. Snug also explains that he is not really a lion, but playing the part of a lion.This may mean that when the play was performed, being a lion was a disgrace, or an insult. The result of Snug explaining that he is not really a lion, but playing the part of, is that he will not be shamed after the play, or be booed by Theseus. After Snug is finished explaining the he is not a lion, he earns approval from Lysander, Theseus and Demetrius (the stage audience). Shakespeare uses dustup to create moods and atmosphere within the characters, and also make the characters think how they are feeling. The main mood created in of A Midsummer Nights Dream is that of humour.He creates these moods by the descriptive writing he uses in his sentences. His sentences are well structured, and he chooses the places well where he makes the characters speak in prose and verse. For instance, when the mechanicals are talk of the town casually together, they speak in verse when acting out their play in front of the duke, they speak in prose. Some of the misunderstandings of the mechanicals are when Puck puts the spell on Bottom. Quince says O monstrous O strange We are haunted Pray, masters, fly, masters Help This shows that they are unsure of what to think of Bottom, and Bottom is unretentive to the fact that he has an asses head on him. Instead Bottom starts singing (to show that he id not afraid of what they are saying to him). This in turn wakes Titania up, who has had the love juice put on her eyes. As she wakes up, she instantly falls in love with Bottom. This is reminiscent of the fact that of A Midsummer Nights Dreams main mood it creates is that of humour and that it is mainly the mechanicals that are involved in, or create the humour.

Emotion and Body Language Essay

A family is about being adequate to share your ideas, thoughts and getings with the one and only(a) person that is supposed to love you without judgment. It is that fear of judgment that sometimes keeps us from tight-laced and effective conversation in that relationship that are so necessary to keep a relationship going. We become very good at composing our outside persona so that no one really sees our true inner thoughts and feelings. Sometimes we do it so well that not even the new(prenominal) partner in the relationship ever knows that there is anything wrong until it is too late. In the motion-picture show The pull round Kiss that is what happens.The movie portrays a couple in a long relationship, where the question of marriage has ever so been on the t open, and then they end up pregnant. The fe mannish guinea pig feels that their new life will take down with the baby then end in marriage when work and everything else begins to get easier. This was the start of the conflict. As a couple you need to notice signs in your partner. The male character, you stool tell, loves the female character but you send away see there is a mound of emotions and doubts weighing on in his mind. He does not suffice these feelings aware to his partner.Instead he turns to some other female he feels he connects with instead of talking to his fille about his doubts and worries about losing his old self. He shares some of his issues with the other female. As a results that mistake in communication escalates into the male character al roughly losing his pregnant girlfriend. The interpersonal conflict started with a lack of communication in the very beginning of the movie that caused multiple other interpersonal conflicts. This lack of communication was the worries of the male characters thinking his old life will end ascribable to his girlfriends pregnancy.Not abstracted to share these worries with his girlfriend puts a lack of communication amid partners. Althou gh they carried a communication between individually other it was lacking self- disclosure, in order to avoid conflict between their relationships. Instead the male character ops for silence and keeps all of his inner feelings and insecurities to himself. If the silence is prolonged, the parties in the relationship may drift apart or seek other people to provide them with emotional support. (Sole, 2011). This is what eventually happened in the movie.The male character turns to another females shoulder to lean on instead of communicating the issues to the person it involves. By this point in the movie I became aware that the communication between the boyfriend and girlfriend was lacking that emotional communication and incomplete one had great sense of hearing skills before the story line even began. I came to that conclusion collectible to the fact the male character did not feel he could disclose his true feelings and the female was not ever in tuned to his emotions that were o bviously displayed in his body language and facial expressions in the beginning when they hold they are pregnant.The most common problems in relationships stem from silence or refusing to communicate, placating the other person, and acting games. These behaviors can sabotage a relationship and prevent honest, open communication. (Sole, 2011). Had the communication been really working between them earlier on the male would sop up felt secure enough with their relationship to express what was on his mind and she in return would have known something was troubling him without even having to speak.Their lack of communication due to the fact the male character wanted to avoid the conflict of admitting doubts and second thoughts about starting a family ended up escalating in a near loss of everything that he ended up realizing was most important. The movie was a great show of what avoidance and preventing conflict can do to a relationship. I think that if the characters would have been open and honest with each other as well as had the appropriate self -disclosure along with effective listening skills with one another they would have been able to both throw a basic assertion of the problem at hand.Expressing his true emotions may have made him feel vulnerable in the moment but if there was any trust in the relationship it would have been a place to begin analyzing the problem together. The conflict in this movie showed the downward spiral of what happens when morality are questioned and true communication is not involved or avoided. A relationship is being able to come to someone you love with your insecurities and feel like you can both work on a solution.Sometimes thatis easier said than done for some. Trying to keep positive communication with your partner needs to be a priority. Making sure we are aware of issues can be done with effectively listening to everything about your partner from emotion to body language. When your partner discloses his or her thou ghts it needs to be without judgment. Have unselfishness for them. You can try to better understand the problems if you ask questions to make sure you comprehend everything so that you can both work to find a solution.